HYDROLOGY: THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 NUTRIENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 1 0 OVERVIEW 2 2 0 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS 2 2 1 NITROGEN 3 2 1 1 NITROGEN FORMS AND OXIDATION STATES 3 2 1 2 NITROGEN GLOBAL CYCLE 5 2 2 PHOSPHORUS 5 2 2 1 PHOSPHORUS FORMS AND OXIDATION STATES 5 2 2 2 PHOSPHORUS GLOBAL CYCLE 6 3 0 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 7 3 1 BIOTIC TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES 7 3 1 1 AMMONIA AND NITRITE OXIDATION 7 3 1 2 DENITRIFICATION 11 3 1 3 AMMONIFICATION 12 3 1 4 PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATING ORGANISMS 12 3 1 5 ALGAL TRANSFORMATIONS 13 3 2 ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATIONS 15 3 2 1 PHOTOCHEMICAL 15 3 2 2 SALINITY EFFECTS 15 4 0 EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 16 4 1 EUTROPHICATION AND WATER QUALITY 16 4 2 GASEOUS NITROGEN EMISSIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY 17 4 3 DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT 19 4 3 1 INFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS 19 4 3 2 EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS 20 5 0 REFERENCES 21 6 0 SUGGESTED READINGS 32 CHAPTER 2 REGULATION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE EFFLUENTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 1 0 INTRODUCTION 34 2 0 SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY AND NUTRIENT REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES 34 2 1 CLEAN WATER ACT 34 2 2 NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM PERMIT PROGRAM 35 2 3 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA 37 2 4 TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD REGULATION OF NUTRIENTS 38 2 5 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER QUALITY BASED EFFLUENT LIMITS 39 3 0 CURRENT SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND GROUNDWATER STANDARDS FOR NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS 41 3 1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS RELATED TO EUTROPHICATION AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN 41 3 2 REGIONAL REGULATION OF NUTRIENTS 45 3 2 1 GREAT LAKES WATERSHED 45 3 2 2 CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED 46 3 2 3 MISSISSIPPI RIVER GULF OF MEXICO WATERSHED 47 3 2 4 LONG ISLAND SOUND 48 3 3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA RELATED TO AMMONIA 48 3 4 DRINKING WATER CRITERIA 50 4 0 NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM PERMITS 50 4 1 WATER QUALITY BASED PERMIT LIMITS 51 4 2 MONITORING REPORTING COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS 53 5 0 WASTEWATER REUSE AND SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL PERMITS 54 6 0 REFERENCES 55 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROCESSES 1 0 NITROGEN REMOVAL 58 1 1 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL 60 1 1 1 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS 61 1 1 1 1 ORGANIC NITROGEN 61 1 1 1 2 AMMONIA 62 1 1 1 3 NITRITE 63 1 1 1 4 NITRATE 64 1 1 2 NITROGEN REMOVAL IN NONBIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROCESSES 64 1 1 3 SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES 65 1 1 4 BIOFILM PROCESSES 66 1 1 5 HYBRID PROCESSES 67 1 1 6 HIGH PURITY OXYGEN SYSTEMS 68 1 1 7 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL SCHEMES 68 1 2 PHYSICAL CHEMICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESSES 70 1 2 1 BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION 70 1 2 2 AIR STRIPPING 71 2 0 PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES 72 2 1 CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 74 2 2 BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 76 3 0 RETURN STREAM EFFECTS 79 4 0 SELECTION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROCESSES 83 4 1 NUTRIENT REMOVAL LEVELS 84 4 2 LEVEL 1 NUTRIENT REMOVAL 86 4 2 1 LEVEL 1N NITROGEN REMOVAL 86 4 2 2 LEVEL 1P PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 86 4 2 3 LEVEL 1 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 88 4 3 LEVEL 2 NUTRIENT REMOVAL 88 4 3 1 LEVEL 2N NITROGEN REMOVAL 88 4 3 2 LEVEL 2P PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 90 4 3 3 LEVEL 2 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 90 4 4 LEVEL 3 NUTRIENT REMOVAL 90 4 4 1 LEVEL 3N NITROGEN REMOVAL 91 4 4 2 LEVEL 3P PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 92 4 4 3 LEVEL 3 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 93 5 0 REFERENCES 93 6 0 SUGGESTED READINGS 100 CHAPTER 4 PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL 1 0 INTRODUCTION 103 2 0 SOURCES AND SINKS OF NITROGEN IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT 105 2 1 INFLUENT NITROGEN SPECIES 105 2 2 AMMONIFICATION 106 2 3 AMMONIA ASSIMILATION 106 2 4 STRIPPING 106 2 5 DENITRIFICATION 107 3 0 NITRIFICATION 107 3 1 BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY 107 3 2 STOICHIOMETRY 110 3 3 KINETICS 110 3 4 TOXICITY 111 3 5 BIOFILM SYSTEMS 121 4 0 DENITRIFICATION 124 4 1 BIOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY 124 4 2 STOICHIOMETRY 127 4 3 SUBSTRATE REQUIREMENTS 128 4 4 ALKALINITY PRODUCTION 131 4 5 KINETICS 131 4 6 TOXICITY 138 4 7 BIOFILM SYSTEMS 139 5 0 REFERENCES 140 CHAPTER 5 NITRIFICATION 1 0 INTRODUCTION 154 2 0 ACTIVATED SLUDGE NITRIFICATION SYSTEMS 154 2 1 SINGLE SLUDGE NITRIFICATION DENITRIFICATION 154 2 2 SEPARATE SLUDGE SUSPENDED GROWTH NITRIFICATION 155 2 3 ATTACHED GROWTH NITRIFICATION 155 3 0 FUNDAMENTALS OF NITRIFICATION 156 3 1 MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 156 3 2 BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND REACTIONS 158 3 3 STOICHIOMETRY 158 3 4 KINETICS 160 3 5 VALUES OF BIOKINETIC COEFFICIENTS 165 3 6 NITRIFICATION BIOKINETIC ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES 169 3 7 ESTIMATING MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE USING RESPIROMETRY AND MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES 171 3 8 CALCULATION OF OBSERVED BIOMASS YIELD COEFFICIENT 173 3 9 CALCULATION OF AUTOTROPHIC BIOMASS DECAY COEFFICIENT 173 4 0 SIMPLE STEADY STATE SUSPENDED GROWTH DESIGN EQUATIONS 174 4 1 EFFLUENT AMMONIA 174 4 2 NITROGEN INCORPORATED TO WASTE SLUDGE 175 4 3 NITRIFIER SLUDGE MASS 176 4 4 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 176 4 5 ALKALINITY CONSUMPTION 177