THE LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADS
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION WHY INJURY PREVENTION? ACCIDENTS OR INCIDENTS ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PREVENTION PROCESS COMPREHENSIVE ACCIDENT PREVENTION ACCIDENT PREVENTION ACCIDENT PREVENTION BENEFITS PREVENTING OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS NOTHING NEW IN PREVENTION HOW MUCH PREVENTION? RISK CONTROL ENGINEERING CONTROLS AWARENESS DEVICES WORK PRACTICES ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT RANKING HAZARD CONTROLS STRUCTURING ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PREVENTION KNOW WITH WHOM YOU ARE DEALING DETERMINING THE CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS ACCIDENT PREVENTION TECHNIQUES REFERENCES CHAPTER SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMS REASONS FOR A COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY PROGRAM SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT PROCESS BUILDING A SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT AND EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL INFORMATION AND TRAINING EVALUATION OF PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS MULTI-EMPLOYER WORKPLACES CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM FACTORS AFFECTING SAFETY AND HEALTH COMPONENTS OF A SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM EVALUATIVE QUESTIONS REGARDING A SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM TOOLS FOR A SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTATION EMPLOYEE INTERVIEWS SITE CONDITIONS AND ROOT CAUSES OF HAZARDS ASSESSING THE KEY COMPONENTS OF LEADERSHIP, PARTICIPATION, AND LINE ACCOUNTABILITY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES FOR WORKER SAFETY AND HEALTH VISIBILITY OF TOP MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY ADEQUATE AUTHORITY AND RESOURCES BUDGETING FOR SAFETY AND HEALTH BUDGET ITEMS BUDGET APPROACH THE COMPLIANCE FACTOR THE WRITTEN BUDGET ACCOUNTABILITY OF MANAGERS, SUPERVISORS, AND HOURLY EMPLOYEES EVALUATION OF CONTRACTOR PROGRAMS ASSESSING THE KEY COMPONENTS OF WORKSITE ANALYSIS COMPREHENSIVE SURVEYS, CHANGE ANALYSES, AND ROUTINE HAZARD ANALYSES REGULAR SITE SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTIONS EMPLOYEE REPORTS OF HAZARDS ACCIDENT AND NEAR-MISS INVESTIGATIONS INJURY AND ILLNESS PATTERN ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE KEY COMPONENTS OF HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL APPROPRIATE USE OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS, WORK PRACTICES, PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ESTABLISHING A MEDICAL PROGRAM EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPARATION ASSESSING THE KEY COMPONENTS OF SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING ENSURING THAT ALL EMPLOYEES UNDERSTAND HAZARDS ENSURING THAT SUPERVISORS UNDERSTAND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES ENSURING THAT MANAGERS UNDERSTAND THEIR SAFETY AND HEALTH RESPONSIBILITIES SUMMARY ACCIDENT/INCIDENT INVESTIGATION PURPOSE OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS REPORTING ACCIDENTS ORGANIZING AND ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITIES SUPERVISORS AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATIONS BENEFIT THE SUPERVISOR PREPLANNING AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATION PROCESS CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION VISIT THE SITE INTERVIEWING INTERVIEWER ACCURATE INTERVIEWS EXPANDING THE INTERVIEW FOR DETAILS EVALUATING THE WITNESS’ STATE SUMMARIZING THE INTERVIEWING PROCESS HANDLING THE EVIDENCE DEVELOPING ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION FORMS FINAL REPORT OF INVESTIGATION FOLLOW-UP HAZARD RECOGNITION AND AVOIDANCE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION EMPHASIS ON HAZARDS ACCIDENT CAUSES DIRECT CAUSES HAZARD ANALYSIS WORKSITE HAZARD ANALYSIS TRAINING ON HAZARD IDENTIFICATION WORKSITE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION RANKING HAZARDS HAZARD AND COST AVOIDANCE HAZARD CONTROL TECHNIQUES OF HAZARD CONTROL JOB SAFETY ASSESSMENT CONTROLS ACCIDENT REPORTING INCIDENT REPORTING PROCEDURES TRAINING PROGRAM AUDITS ACCOUNTABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY THE SAFETY AND HEALTH PROFESSIONAL THE LINE SUPERVISOR USING THE SUPERVISOR EVALUATION FORM THE WORKER MOTIVATING SAFETY AND HEALTH PLANNING THE MOTIVATIONAL APPROACH SUPERVISORS SELF-MOTIVATED WORKERS CHANGING BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY IDENTIFYING CRITICAL BEHAVIORS GATHERING DATA TWO-WAY FEEDBACK CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT FACTORS AFFECTING MOTIVATION SAFETY CULTURE DEFINING SAFETY CULTURE DEVELOPING OR CHANGING A SAFETY CULTURE DESCRIBING A SAFETY CULTURE POSITIVE SAFETY CULTURE TRYING TO IMPROVE SAFETY ON A CONTINUOUS BASIS ASSESSING SAFETY CULTURE VISUAL MOTIVATORS NONFINANCIAL INCENTIVES ACCIDENT/INCIDENT ANALYSIS BREAKDOWN OF CAUSES DIRECT CAUSE INDIRECT CAUSES BASIC CAUSES CAUSE BREAKDOWN REVIEW MISHAP PROBABILITY ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS PHASE I: DATA COLLECTION PHASE II: ASSESSMENT ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS METHODS PHASE III: CORRECTIVE ACTIONS PHASE IV: INFORM PHASE V: FOLLOW-UP CAUSAL FACTOR ANALYSIS DEFINITION DETERMINING CAUSAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING CAUSES ROOT (BASIC) CAUSES EVENT FACTOR CHAINS (CHARTING) AND EXPLANATION EVENTS CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS SECONDARY EVENT BENEFITS OF EVENTS AND CAUSAL FACTORS CHARTING USING CAUSAL FACTOR ANALYSIS (EVENT FACTOR CHAINS OR CHARTING) CONSTRUCTING THE CHART CHARTING SYMBOLS CAUSAL FACTOR WORKSHEETS CHAPTER 10 CHANGE ANALYSIS WHEN TO USE CHANGE ANALYSIS HOW TO USE CHANGE ANALYSIS STRUCTURING THE ANALYSIS CHAPTER 11 BARRIER ANALYSIS PHYSICAL BARRIER ANALYSIS EXPLANATION OF PBA HUMAN BARRIER ANALYSIS INFORMATION TOOLS OR EQUIPMENT KNOWLEDGE CAPACITY INCENTIVE PERFORMING THE HUMAN BARRIER ANALYSIS WRAP-UP OF PRELIMINARY DATA ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF PBA AND HBA CHAPTER 12 JOB SAFETY/HAZARD ANALYSIS PERFORMING A JSA/JHA FOUR BASIC STEPS OF A JSA/JHA SELECTING A JOB TO ANALYZE ACCIDENT FREQUENCY ACCIDENT SEVERITY JUDGMENT AND EXPERIENCE NEW JOBS, NONROUTINE JOBS, OR JOB CHANGES ROUTINE JOBS THE JOB SAFETY/HAZARD ANALYSIS WORKSHEET SEPARATING THE JOB INTO ITS BASIC STEPS SEQUENCE OF BASIC JOB STEPS IDENTIFYING THE HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH JOB STEP STRUCK-AGAINST TYPE OF ACCIDENTS STRUCK-BY TYPE OF ACCIDENTS CONTACT-WITH AND CONTACT-BY TYPES OF ACCIDENTS CAUGHT-IN, CAUGHT-ON, AND CAUGHT-BETWEEN TYPES OF ACCIDENTS FALL-TO-SAME-LEVEL AND FALL-TO-BELOW TYPES OF ACCIDENTS OVEREXERTION AND EXPOSURE TYPES OF ACCIDENTS CONSIDER HUMAN PROBLEMS IN THE JSA/JHA PROCESS ELIMINATING OR CONTROLLING THE HAZARDS CHANGE JOB PROCEDURES CHANGE THE FREQUENCY OF PERFORMING THE JOB CHAPTER 13 SAFE OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) COMPONENTS OF AN SOP GUIDELINES FOR WRITING AN SOP HOW SOPS WORK CHAPTER 14 JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION PURPOSE OF JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION TYPES OF JOB SAFETY OBSERVATIONS INCIDENTAL SAFETY OBSERVATIONS PLANNED SAFETY OBSERVATIONS SELECTING A JOB OR TASK FOR A PLANNED JOB SAFETY OBSERVATION SELECTION BASED ON JOBS SELECTION BASED ON INDIVIDUAL NEEDS EXPERIENCED EMPLOYEES INEXPERIENCED EMPLOYEES PREPARING FOR A PLANNED SAFETY OBSERVATION CHECKLIST OF ACTIVITIES TO OBSERVE UNSAFE PROCEDURES THE OBSERVATION AFTER THE OBSERVATION DEALING WITH UNSAFE BEHAVIORS OR POOR PERFORMANCE CHAPTER 15 SAFETY AND HEALTH AUDITS THE NEED FOR AN AUDIT WHEN TO AUDIT WHAT TO AUDIT TYPES OF AUDIT INSTRUMENTS DEVELOP AND EVALUATE AUDIT SCORES QUALIFICATIONS OF AUDITORS CHAPTER 16 FLEET SAFETY PROGRAM WRITTEN FLEET SAFETY PROGRAM VEHICLE/EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE REGULATIONS AND MOTOR VEHICLES OTHER AGENCY OVERVIEW FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (FMSCA) DRIVERS DRIVER ILLNESSES AND INJURIES COMMON DRIVER INJURIES EVENTS OR EXPOSURES LEADING TO TRUCKER INJURY OPERATOR RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION RECORDS TO MAINTAIN OPERATOR TRAINING COMPANY OPERATOR’S MANUAL PRE-OPERATION INSPECTION DRIVING TASKS SAFE DRIVING RECOGNITION PLANNING SCHEDULES, LOADS, AND ROUTES PREVENTING ACCIDENTS CHAPTER 17 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS COMPONENTS OF A PMP PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT’S ROLE THE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM (PMP) OPERATORS’ INSPECTIONS BRAKE SAFETY TIRE SAFETY WHEEL ASSEMBLY SAFETY STEERING SYSTEM SAFETY TRAILER HITCH SAFETY HITCH AND AXLE SAFETY DRIVING LIGHT SAFETY LOAD SAFETY LOAD SECURING SAFETY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY CHAPTER 18 SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAMS LADDER SAFETY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT’S COMMITMENT CONTROL AND PREVENTION INCENTIVES CHAPTER 19 USING SAFETY AND HEALTH CONSULTANTS NEED FOR A CONSULTANT CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW SCOPE OF WORK FINAL HIRING STEPS CHAPTER 20 SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING WHEN TO TRAIN TRAINING NEW HIRES TRAINING SUPERVISORS TRAINING EMPLOYEES DOCUMENTING SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING AFTER THE TRAINING SAFETY TALKS SAFETY TALKS AND MEETINGS OSHA TRAINING REQUIREMENTS OSHA TRAINING GUIDELINES LEGAL ASPECT OF TRAINING OSHA TRAINING MODEL DETERMINING IF TRAINING IS NEEDED IDENTIFYING TRAINING NEEDS IDENTIFYING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES DEVELOPING LEARNING ACTIVITIES CONDUCTING THE TRAINING EVALUATING PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS IMPROVING THE PROGRAM MATCHING TRAINING TO EMPLOYEES IDENTIFYING EMPLOYEES AT RISK TRAINING EMPLOYEES AT RISK CHAPTER 21 ANALYZING ACCIDENT DATA OSHA RECORDKEEPING COMPANY RECORDS IMPORTANT ANCILLARY DATA NEEDED FOR MORE COMPLETE ANALYSIS HEALTH AND SAFETY STATISTICS DATA STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR COMPARISONS WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COST OF ACCIDENTS CHAPTER 22 PREVENTION AND OSHA REGULATIONS FEDERAL LAWS OSHACT CONTENT OF THE OSHACT REGULATION PROCESS FEDERAL REGISTER PURPOSE OF OSHA CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS CFR NUMBERING SYSTEM 29 CFR 1910 110 (B)(13)(II)(B)(7)(III) OSHA STANDARDS COVERED COPIES OF THE OSHA STANDARDS RELIEF (VARIANCE) FROM AN OSHA STANDARD OSHACT PROTECTS ROLE OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH) ROLE OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION (OSHRC) EMPLOYERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR WORKERS’ SAFETY AND HEALTH WORKERS’ RIGHTS WORKERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE LAW THE RIGHT NOT TO BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST THE RIGHT TO KNOW ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESULTS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OSHA INSPECTIONS OSHA RECEIVES A COMPLAINT CITATIONS TYPES OF VIOLATIONS CHALLENGING CITATIONS, PENALTIES, AND OTHER ENFORCEMENT MEASURES WORKERS GET THE RESULTS OF AN INSPECTION DETERMINING PENALTIES STATE PROGRAMS WORKERS’ TRAINING OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES MEDICAL AND EXPOSURE RECORDS POSTING WHAT TO DO WHEN OSHA COMES KNOCKING INSPECTION PROCESS MITIGATING THE DAMAGE CLOSING CONFERENCE AFTER THE INSPECTOR LEAVES MAKE THE INSPECTION A POSITIVE EXPERIENCE CHAPTER 23 HEALTH HAZARD PREVENTION ASBESTOS BACK INJURIES BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS CARCINOGENS COLD STRESS ERGONOMICS HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS HAZARDOUS WASTE HEAT STRESS IONIZING RADIATION LASERS LEAD NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS NONIONIZING RADIATION VIBRATION WORKPLACE STRESS CHAPTER 24 CONTROLS AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT CONTROLLING HAZARDS MANAGEMENT CONTROLS ESTABLISHING A PPE PROGRAM HAZARD ASSESSMENT EYE AND FACE PROTECTION HEAD PROTECTION FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION HAND AND ARM PROTECTION METAL MESH, LEATHER, OR CANVAS GLOVES FABRIC AND COATED FABRIC GLOVES CHEMICAL- AND LIQUID-RESISTANT GLOVES BODY PROTECTION PROTECTIVE CLOTHING APPLICATIONS SELECTION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ENSEMBLE SELECTION FACTORS CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING HEARING PROTECTION RESPIRATORY PROTECTION BASIC RESPIRATORY PROTECTION SAFETY PROCEDURES RESPIRATOR USER POLICIES SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS IDENTIFICATION OF FILTERS AND CARTRIDGES RESPIRATOR FILTER AND CANISTER REPLACEMENT FILTER AND CARTRIDGE CHANGE SCHEDULE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION SCHEDULE BY JOB AND WORKING CONDITION PHYSICAL AND MEDICAL QUALIFICATIONS ADDITIONAL MEDICAL EVALUATIONS RESPIRATOR FIT TESTING TYPES OF FIT TESTS RESPIRATOR OPERATION AND USE CONTINUING EFFECTIVENESS OF RESPIRATORS PROCEDURES FOR IDLH ATMOSPHERES CLEANING AND DISINFECTING RESPIRATOR INSPECTION RESPIRATOR STORAGE RESPIRATOR REPAIRS CHAPTER 25 SAFETY HAZARDS ABRASIVE BLASTING (29 CFR 1910 94 AND 1910 244) ABRASIVE WHEEL EQUIPMENT/GRINDERS (29 CFR 1910 212, 1910 215, AND 1910 243) AIR RECEIVERS (29 CFR 1910 169) AISLES AND PASSAGEWAYS (29 CFR 1910 17, 1910 22, AND 1910 176) BELT SANDING MACHINES (29 CFR 1910 213) CHAINS, CABLES, ROPES, AND HOOKS (29 CFR 1910 179 AND 1910 180) COMPRESSORS AND COMPRESSED AIR (29 CFR 1910 242) COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS (29 CFR 1910 101 AND 1910 253) COMPRESSED GASES (29 CFR 1910 101, 1910 102, 1910 103, 1910 104, 1910 106, AND 1910 253) CONFINED SPACES (29 CFR 1910 146) CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANK STORAGE (29 CFR 1910 106) CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY SOURCES [LOCKOUT/TAGOUT] (29 CFR 1910 147) CRANE, DERRICK, AND HOIST SAFETY (29 CFR 1910 179, 1910 180, AND 1910 181) DIP TANKS CONTAINING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID (29 CFR 1910 108) DOCKBOARDS (29 CFR 1910 30) DRINKING WATER (29 CFR 1910 141) ELECTRICAL (29 CFR 1910 303, 1910 304, 1910 305, 1910 331, AND 1910 333) ELEVATED SURFACES (29 CFR 1910 23) EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS (29 CFR 1910 38) EXIT DOORS (29 CFR 1910 36) EXITS AND EXIT ROUTES (29 CFR 1910 36) REQUIREMENTS FOR EXITS SAFETY FEATURES FOR EXIT ROUTES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING AGENTS (29 CFR 1910 109) FAN BLADES (29 CFR 1910 212) FALL PROTECTION (29 CFR 1910 23 AND 1910 66 APPENDIX I) PERSONAL FALL ARRESTING SYSTEM FIRE PROTECTION (29 CFR 1910 157) FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS (29 CFR 1910 106) FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS FLOORS [GENERAL CONDITIONS] (29 CFR 1910 22 AND 1920 23) FORKLIFT TRUCKS [POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS] (29 CFR 1910 178) FUELING (29 CFR 1910 178, 1910 180, AND 1910 181) HAND TOOLS (29 CFR 1910 242) HOIST AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT (29 CFR 1910 179) HOUSEKEEPING (29 CFR 1910 22) HYDRAULIC POWER TOOLS (29 CFR 1910 217) JACKS (29 CFR 1910 244) LADDERS, FIXED (29 CFR 1910 27) LADDERS, PORTABLE (29 CFR 1910 25 AND 1910 26) LUNCH ROOMS (29 CFR 1910 141) MACHINE GUARDING (29 CFR 1910 212 AND 1910 219) MACHINERY, FIXED (29 CFR 1910 212) MATERIAL HANDLING (29 CFR 1910 176) MECHANICAL POWER PRESSES (29 CFR 1910 217) MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY PNEUMATIC TOOLS (29 CFR 1910 243) PORTABLE (POWER OPERATED) TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT (29 CFR 1910 243) POWDER-ACTUATED TOOLS (29 CFR 1910 243) POWERED PLATFORMS FOR BUILDING MAINTENANCE (29 CFR 1910 66) POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT GUARDING (29 CFR 1910 219) PRESSURE VESSELS (29 CFR 1910 106, 1910 216, AND 1910 217) RAILINGS (29 CFR 1910 23) SAWS, PORTABLE CIRCULAR (29 CFR 1910 243) SCAFFOLDS (29 CFR 1910 28) SKYLIGHTS (29 CFR 1910 23) SPRAY-FINISHING OPERATIONS (29 CFR 1910 107) STAIRS, FIXED INDUSTRIAL (29 CFR 1910 23 AND 1910 24) STORAGE (29 CFR 1910 176) TANKS, OPEN-SURFACE (29 CFR 1910 94) TIRE INFLATION TOEBOARDS (29 CFR 1910 23) TOILETS (29 CFR 1910 141) TRANSPORTING EMPLOYEES AND MATERIALS WALKING/WORKING SURFACES (29 CFR 1910 21 AND 1910 22) WELDING, CUTTING, AND BRAZING (29 CFR 1910 251, 1910 252, 1910 253, 1910 254, AND 1910 255) WOODWORKING MACHINERY (29 CFR 1910 213) WORKPLACE VIOLENCE CHAPTER 26 CONCLUSION OVERVIEW 1 INTRODUCTION THE OBJECTIVES OF HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 HAVE NOT CHANGED BUT WILL EXPERIENCE SOME MODIFICATIONSTHE 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR WORK-RELATED INJURIES WILL BE TO REDUCE DEATH FROM WORK-RELATED INJURIES REDUCE NONFATAL WORK-RELATED INJURIES REDUCE WORK-RELATED ASSAULTS REDUCE WORK-RELATED HOMICIDES REDUCE OCCUPATIONAL NEEDLE-STICK INJURIES AMONG HOSPITAL-BASED HEALTH- CARE WORKERS ALTHOUGH PROGRESS WAS MADE REGARDING OCCUPATION INJURIES AND TRAUMA DEATHS, NEW DATA AND GOAL PROJECTIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR 2020 AT THIS TIMETHE 2010 GOALS FOR INJURIES, TRAUMA DEATHS, AND NEEDLE-STICK INJURIES ACHIEVED APPROXIMATELY 50% OF THE GOALS WHILE ASSAULTS GOALS DID NOT MAKE PROGRESSTHE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS SET OUT THE BASELINES FOR 2010 HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 OBJECTIVES FROM THE U SDEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS) HAS MADE THE FACTS AVAILABLE RELEVANT TO OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES EVERY FIVE SECONDS A WORKER IS INJURED EVERY TEN SECONDS A WORKER IS TEMPORARILY OR PERMANENTLY DISABLEDEACH DAY, AN AVERAGE OF 137 PERSONS DIE FROM WORK-RELATED DISEASES, AND AN ADDITIONAL 17 DIE FROM WORKPLACE INJURIES ON THE JOB EACH YEAR, ABOUT 70 YOUTHS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE DIE FROM INJURIES AT WORK AND 70,000 REQUIRE TREATMENT IN A HOSPITAL EMERGENCY ROOMIN 1996, AN ESTIMATED 11,000 WORKERS WERE DISABLED EACH DAY DUE TO WORK-RELATED INJURIESTHAT SAME YEAR, THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL ESTIMATED THAT ON-THE-JOB INJURIES COST SOCIETY $121 BILLION, INCLUDING LOST WAGES, LOST PRODUCTIVITY, ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES, HEALTH CARE, AND OTHER COSTS (NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INJURY FACTS, 2010)A STUDY PUBLISHED IN JULY 1997 REPORTS THAT THE 1992 COMBINED U SECONOMICBURDEN FOR OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES AND INJURIES WAS AN ESTIMATED $171 BILLION (U SDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WWW COMMERCE GOV, 2001) A NUMBER OF DATA SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATES EXIST TO DESCRIBE THE NATURE AND MAGNI- TUDE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES, ALL OF WHICH HAVE ADVANTAGES AS WELL AS LIMITATIONSIN 1996, INFORMATION FROM DEATH CERTIFICATES AND OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS INDICATED THAT AT LEAST 6,112 WORKERS DIED FROM WORK-RELATED INJURIES (BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, WWW BLS GOV, 2000) NO REPORTING SYSTEM FOR NATIONAL OCCU- PATIONAL CHRONIC DISEASE AND MORTALITY CURRENTLY EXISTS IN THIS COUNTRYTHEREFORE, SCIENTISTS AND POLICYMAKERS MUST RELY ON ESTIMATES TO UNDERSTAND THE MAGNITUDE OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE GENERATED FROM A NUMBER OF DATA SOURCES AND PUBLISHED EPIDE- MIOLOGIC (OR POPULATION-BASED) STUDIESESTIMATES GENERATED FROM THESE SOURCES ARE GENERALLY THOUGHT TO UNDERESTIMATE THE TRUE EXTENT OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE, BUT THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY RECOGNIZES THESE ESTIMATES AS THE BEST AVAILABLE INFORMATION SUCH COMPILATIONS INDICATE THAT AN ESTIMATED 50,000 TO 70,000 WORKERS DIE EACH ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PREVENTION TECHNIQUES YEAR FROM WORK-RELATED DISEASESA FURTHER DISCUSSION ON OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE IS FOUND IN CHAPTER 23 CURRENT DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO MONITOR DISPARITIES IN HEALTH- RELATED OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSESEFFORTS WILL BE MADE OVER THE COMING DECADE TO IMPROVE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS AND DATA POINTS THAT MAY ALLOW EVALUATION OF HEALTH DISPARITIES FOR WORK-RELATED ILLNESSES, INJURIES, AND DEATHSDATA FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH’S (NIOSH) NATIONAL TRAUMATIC OCCUPATIONAL FATALITIES SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM (NTOF), BASED ON DEATH CERTIFICATES FROM ACROSS THE UNITED STATES, DEMONSTRATE A GENERAL DECREASE IN OCCUPATIONAL MOR- TALITY OVER THE 15-YEAR PERIOD FROM 1980 TO 1994HOWEVER, THE NUMBER AND RATES OF FATAL INJURIES FROM 1990 THROUGH 1994 REMAINED RELATIVELY STABLE (AT OVER 5,000 DEATHS PER YEAR AND ABOUT 4 4 DEATHS PER 100,000 WORKERS)MOTOR VEHICLE-RELATED FATALI- TIES AT WORK, THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR U SWORKERS SINCE 1980, ACCOUNTED FOR 23 PERCENT OF DEATHS DURING THE 15-YEAR PERIODWORKPLACE HOMICIDES BECAME THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN 1990, SURPASSING MACHINE-RELATED DEATHSWHILE THE RANKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL INDUSTRY DIVISIONS HAVE VARIED OVER THE YEARS, THE LARGEST NUMBER OF DEATHS IS CONSISTENTLY FOUND IN CONSTRUCTION, TRANSPORTATION, PUBLIC UTILITIES, ANDMANUFACTURING, WHILE THOSE INDUSTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST FATALITY RATES PER 100,000 WORKERS ARE MINING, AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY/FISHING, AND CONSTRUCTIONDATA FROM THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS (BLS), DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, INDICATE THAT, FOR NONFATAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES, INCIDENCE RATES HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY STABLE SINCE 1980 THE RATE IN 1980 WAS 8 7 PER 100,000 WORKERS AND 8 4 PER 100,000 WORKERS IN 1994 INCIDENCE VARIED BETWEEN A LOW OF 7 7 PER 100,000 WORKERS (1982) AND A HIGH OF 8 9 PER 100,000 WORKERS (1992) OVER THE 15-YEAR PERIOD OF 1980 TO 1994 THE TOLL OF WORKPLACE INJURIES AND ILLNESSES CONTINUES TO HARM OUR COUNTRYSIX MILLION WORKERS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE EXPOSED TO WORKPLACE HAZARDS RANGING FROM FALLS FROM ELEVATIONS TO EXPOSURES TO LEADTHE HAZARDS VARY DEPENDING UPON THE TYPE OF INDUSTRY (E G , MANUFACTURING) AND THE TYPES OF WORK BEING PERFORMED BY WORKERS (E G , WELDING) THE CONSEQUENCES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS OR INCIDENTS HAVE RESULTED IN PAIN AND SUFFERING, EQUIPMENT DAMAGE, EXPOSURE OF THE PUBLIC TO HAZARDS, LOST PRODUCTION CAPACITY, AND LIABILITYNEEDLESS TO SAY, THESE OCCUPATIONALLY RELATED ACCIDENTS OR INCI- DENTS HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT ON PROFIT, WHICH IS COMMONLY CALLED THE “BOTTOM LINE ” WHY INJURY PREVENTION? THERE ARE VERY REAL ADVANTAGES FOR THOSE TRYING TO ADDRESS INJURY PREVENTION, ADVAN- TAGES THAT DO NOT EXIST WHEN TRYING TO ADDRESS ILLNESSES PREVENTION; THESE INCLUDE INJURIES OCCUR IN REAL-TIME WITH NO LATENCY PERIOD (AN IMMEDIATE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS) ACCIDENT OR INCIDENT OUTCOMES ARE READILY OBSERVABLE (MUST ONLY RECONSTRUCT A FEW MINUTES OR HOURS) ROOT OR BASIC CAUSES ARE MORE CLEARLY IDENTIFIED IT IS EASY TO DETECT CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS INJURIES ARE NOT DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE INJURIES ARE HIGHLY PREVENTABLE ACCIDENTS OR INCIDENTS DEBATE OVER USE OF THE TERM “ACCIDENTS” VERSUS “INCIDENTS” HAS BEEN A LONG AND CON- TINUING ONEALTHOUGH THESE TERMS ARE USED AS VIRTUALLY INTERCHANGEABLE IN THE CON- TEXT OF THIS BOOK, YOU SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE TWOACCIDENTS ARE USUALLY DEFINED AS UNEXPECTED, UNPLANNED, AND UNCONTROLLABLE EVENTS OR MISHAPS THESE UNDESIRED EVENTS RESULT IN PERSONAL INJURY, OR PROPERTY DAMAGE, OR EQUIPMENT FAILURE, OR SOME COMBINATION THEREOFAN INCIDENT IS ALL OF THE PREVIOUS AS WELL AS ADVERSE PRODUCTION EFFECTSACCIDENTS ARE A SUBSET OF INCIDENTS (SEE FIGURE 1 1) THIS DEFINITION OF AN ACCIDENT UNDERMINES THE BASIC PHILOSOPHY OF THIS BOOK, THAT WE CAN CONTROL THESE TYPES OF EVENTS OR MISHAPSTHIS IS WHY WE SPEND TIME IDENTIFY- ING HAZARDS AND DETERMINING RISKS WITH THE PROBABILITY THAT A HAZARD WILL RESULT IN AN ACCIDENT WITH DEFINABLE CONSEQUENCESTHUS, STRIVING FOR A SAFE WORKPLACE, WHERE THE ASSOCIATED RISKS ARE JUDGED TO BE ACCEPTABLE, IS A GOAL OF SAFETYTHIS WILL RESULT IN FREEDOM FROM CIRCUMSTANCES THAT CAN CAUSE INJURY OR DEATH TO WORKERS, AND DAMAGE TO OR LOSS OF EQUIPMENT OR PROPERTYTHIS IS ESSENTIALLY A DEFINITION OF SAFETY THE APPROACH TO THIS IS THAT WE CAN CONTROL FACTORS THAT ARE THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF ACCIDENTSWE CAN PREVENT ACCIDENTS BY USING THE TOOLS PROVIDED WITHIN THESE PAGES ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PREVENTION PROCESS AN ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PREVENTION PROCESS IS AS SIMPLISTIC AS IT SOUNDS WITHIN THE TEXT OF THIS BOOK THE ELEMENTS ARE PROVIDED FOR SUCH A PROCESSON THE PEOPLE SIDE OF THIS PROCESS, EMPLOYERS MUST COMMIT THEMSELVES AND ALL FACETS OF MANAGEMENT THE LEADERSHIP FOR THIS PROCESS COMES FROM MANAGEMENTTHIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE WORKFORCE SHOULD NOT BE PART OF THE PROCESSTHE INVOLVEMENT OF EMPLOYEES MUST BE INCORPORATED INTO THE PROCESS IN ORDER TO ELICIT A COMMITMENT AND BUY-IN TO THE PREVENTION EFFORTTHIS IS AN IMPORTANT MOTIVATIONAL FACTOR FOR EMPLOYEES ANOTHER MAJOR AREA IS THE IDENTIFICATION, RANKING, AND CONTROLLING OF RISKTHIS PART OF THE PROCESS IS PARAMOUNT WHEN FACED WITH SERIOUS HAZARDS THAT CAN BE CATASTROPHIC ACCIDENTS INCIDENTS FIGURE 1 1 INCIDENTS ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PREVENTION TECHNIQUES EVENTSANALYSIS OF EVENTS AND HAZARDS USING SUCH TOOLS AS ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS HELPS PROVIDE THE SOLUTION PART OF THE PROCESSFROM THESE EFFORTS, STANDARD OR SAFE OPERAT- ING PROCEDURES AS WELL AS SAFE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS CAN BE DEVELOPED TO STANDARD- IZE SAFE PRODUCTION CONSTANT EVALUATION AND MEASUREMENT ARE UTILIZED TO OVERSEE PROGRESS REGARDING PREVENTION SO THAT IMPROVEMENT AND UPDATING OF THE PROCESS CAN OCCUR COMMUNICATION IS CRITICAL IN PROVIDING FEEDBACK TO ALL INVOLVED ON AREAS THAT HAVE IMPROVED AND THOSE THAT NEED FURTHER ATTENTIONREINFORCEMENT SHOULD BE USED TO CONVEY WHAT HAS BEEN WORKING EFFECTIVELY TO PREVENT INCIDENTS AND IMPLEMENT ANY CORRECTIVE ACTION WHILE CONTINUING TO EVALUATEUPDATE AND IMPROVE THE ACCIDENT/ INCIDENT PREVENTION PROCESS COMPREHENSIVE ACCIDENT PREVENTION ACCIDENT PREVENTION IS VERY COMPLEX DUE TO INTERACTIONS THAT TRANSPIRE WITHIN THE WORKPLACE (SEE FIGURE 1 2)THESE INTERACTIONS ARE BETWEEN 1WORKERS 2MANAGEMENT 3EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES 4ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT WORKERS EQUIPMENT/ MACHINES WORKPLACE MISHAP ACCIDENT/INCIDENT (WORKER INJURY/ILLNESS) (EQUIPMENT DAMAGE) WORK TO BE COMPLETED FIGURE 1 2 INTERACTIVE FACTORS IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION THE INTERACTION BETWEEN WORKERS, MANAGEMENT, EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY, AND THE WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT SEPARATELY ARE COMPLEX ENOUGH BY THEMSELVES MORE COMPLEXITY TRANSPIRES WHEN THEY ARE BLENDED TOGETHER TO BECOME A WORKPLACEBUT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT IS NOT THE ONLY ENVIRONMENT IMPINGING ON THE ACCIDENT PREVEN- TION EFFORTS WITHIN COMPANIESTHE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS ALSO AN INTERACTIVE FACTOR, AND ONE THAT ENCOMPASSES OUR LIVES AT WORK AND BEYONDGOVERNMENT ENTITIES ESTAB- LISH RULES AND REGULATIONS AND LEAVE THEIR MARK ON THE WORKPLACEOTHER ENTITIES IN THE SOCIAL ARENA PROVIDE PRESSURES IN THE WORKPLACE, SUCH AS UNIONS, FAMILY, PEER PRESSURE, FRIENDS, ASSOCIATES, ETCTHIS EXTENDS THE INTERACTIONS THAT MUST BE ATTENDED TO IN ORDER TO SUCCESSFULLY PREVENT ACCIDENTS ACCIDENT PREVENTION PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONALLY RELATED ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS IS THE LAWTHE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1970 (OSHACT) REQUIRES EMPLOYERS TO PROVIDE A WORKPLACE FREE FROM HAZARDS THAT COULD CAUSE SERIOUS HARM OR DEATHBEYOND THAT, IT MAKES GOOD BUSINESS SENSE TO PREVENT ACCIDENT/INCIDENTSMORE AND MORE COMPANIES HAVE COME TO REALIZE THAT THE OSHACT IS A HELPMATE, NOT A HINDRANCE, TO THEIR ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PRE- VENTION INITIATIVETHE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) SETS THE FOUNDATION AND ASSUMES THE ROLE OF LAW ENFORCER, ALLOWING THE EMPLOYER TO NOT BE VIEWED AS THE BAD GUY TO HIS OR HER EMPLOYEESEMPLOYERS CAN DEFLECT RESPONSIBILITY TO OSHA AS BUSINESS COMPETITION HAS INCREASED, LOSS CONTROL HAS BEEN SEEN AS A LOGICAL PLACE TO CURTAIL COSTS, ESPECIALLY DIRECT LOSSES FROM EQUIPMENT DAMAGE, MEDICAL COSTS, AND WORKERS’ COMPENSATION PREMIUMSPREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS RESULTS IN REAL, OBSERVABLE SAVINGSSAFETY EXPERTS APPROXIMATE THE HIDDEN COST OF ACCIDENTS AS BEING CONSERVA- TIVELY FIVE TO TEN TIMES THE DIRECT COST INCURREDHIDDEN COSTS INCLUDE LOST PRODUCTION, RETRAINING, AND SUPERVISOR’S TIME LOST, JUST TO NAME A FEW ACCIDENT PREVENTION BENEFITS YOU CAN EXPECT MANY BENEFITS FROM PREVENTING OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS SOME OF THE BENEFITS YOU MIGHT EXPECT ARE REDUCED INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE PREMIUM COSTS REDUCED INDIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS FEWER COMPLIANCE INSPECTIONS AND PENALTIES AVOIDANCE OF ADVERSE PUBLICITY FROM DEATHS OR MAJOR ACCIDENTS REDUCED LITIGATION AND LEGAL SETTLEMENTS LOWER EMPLOYEE PAYROLL DEDUCTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE REDUCED PAIN AND SUFFERING BY INJURED WORKERS REDUCED LONG-TERM OR PERMANENT DISABILITY CASES INCREASED POTENTIAL FOR RETROSPECTIVE RATING REFUNDS INCREASED ACCEPTANCE OF BIDS (MORE JOBS) IMPROVED MORALE AND LOYALTY FROM INDIVIDUAL WORKERS INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY FROM WORKERS INCREASED PRIDE IN COMPANY PERSONNEL ACCIDENT/INCIDENT PREVENTION TECHNIQUES ALTHOUGH THIS NOT AN ALL-INCLUSIVE LIST, IT CERTAINLY PROVIDES A SNAPSHOT OF WHY YOU SHOULD UNDERTAKE A LOSS CONTROL EFFORT FOR OCCUPATIONALLY RELATED INCIDENTS PREVENTING OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS THROUGHOUT THE YEARS SINCE THE ADVENT OF OSHA’S REGULATORY CONTROLS, SOME COMPANIES HAVE BEEN MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN OTHERS AT PREVENTING WORKER-RELATED ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS THESE COMPANIES HAVE PLACED OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ON AN EQUAL FOOTING WITH PRODUCTIONTHEY HAVE DEVELOPED PROGRAMS, USED ACCIDENT-PREVENTION TECHNIQUES, AND APPLIED THE PRINCIPLES OF MOTIVATION TO SAFETYIN DOING SO, THEY OFTEN HAVE DEVISED THEIR OWN UNIQUE APPROACH, SPECIFIC TO THEIR INDUSTRYONE EXAMPLE OF THIS IS DUPONT’S SAFE PROGRAMTHE SUCCESSES THESE COMPANIES HAVE EXPERIENCED HAVE MADE THEM THE SHINING EXAMPLES OF HOW SAFETY CAN BECOME A PART OF THE CULTURAL AND PHILOSOPHI- CAL APPROACH OF BUSINESSES EACH INDUSTRY IS SOMEWHAT DIFFERENTWHAT WORKS WELL FOR ONE COMPANY MAY NOT DUPLICATE OR REPLICATE AT OTHER COMPANIES WITHOUT TAILORING TO FIT THE UNIQUE NEEDS OF THE LATTERUNIQUENESS