HANDBOOK OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC ANALYSIS 11 INTRODUCTION 12 HIGHWAYS AND THE ECONOMY 121 THE HIGHWAY ECONOMY 122 SUPPLY CHAINS 123 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 13 HIGHWAYS, ENERGY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT 14 HIGHWAYS AS PART OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 15 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION AND THE HUMAN ELEMENT 151 PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION MODES AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION 152 HIGHWAY SAFETY 153 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS 16 HIGHWAYS AND EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES 161 INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGIES 162 VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES 163 TRAFFIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 17 SCOPE OF STUDY CHAPTER 2 ROAD VEHICLE PERFORMANCE 21 INTRODUCTION 22 TRACTIVE EFFORT AND RESISTANCE 23 AERODYNAMIC RESISTANCE 24 ROLLING RESISTANCE 25 GRADE RESISTANCE 26 AVAILABLE TRACTIVE EFFORT 261 MAXIMUM TRACTIVE EFFORT 262 ENGINE-GENERATED TRACTIVE EFFORT 27 VEHICLE ACCELERATION 28 FUEL EFFICIENCY 29 PRINCIPLES OF BRAKING 291 BRAKING FORCES 292 BRAKING FORCE RATIO AND EFFICIENCY 293 ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS 294 THEORETICAL STOPPING DISTANCE 295 PRACTICAL STOPPING DISTANCE 296 DISTANCE TRAVELED DURING DRIVER PERCEPTION/REACTION CHAPTER 3 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS 31 INTRODUCTION 32 PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT 33 VERTICAL ALIGNMENT 331 VERTICAL CURVE FUNDAMENTALS 332 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE 333 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE AND CREST VERTICAL CURVE DESIGN 334 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE AND SAG VERTICAL CURVE DESIGN 335 PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE AND CREST VERTICAL CURVE DESIGN 336 UNDERPASS SIGHT DISTANCE AND SAG VERTICAL CURVE DESIGN 34 HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT 341 VEHICLE CORNERING 342 HORIZONTAL CURVE FUNDAMENTALS 343 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE AND HORIZONTAL CURVE DESIGN 35 COMBINED VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT CHAPTER 4 PAVEMENT DESIGN 41 INTRODUCTION 42 PAVEMENT TYPES 421 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS 422 RIGID PAVEMENTS 43 PAVEMENT SYSTEM DESIGN: PRINCIPLES FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS 44 TRADITIONAL AASHTO FLEXIBLE-PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE 441 SERVICEABILITY CONCEPT 442 FLEXIBLE-PAVEMENT DESIGN EQUATION 443 STRUCTURAL NUMBER 45 PAVEMENT SYSTEM DESIGN: PRINCIPLES FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS 46 TRADITIONAL AASHTO RIGID-PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE 47 MEASURING PAVEMENT QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE 471 INTERNATIONAL ROUGHNESS INDEX 472 FRICTION MEASUREMENTS 473 RUT DEPTH 474 CRACKING 475 FAULTING 476 PUNCHOUTS 48 MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL PAVEMENT DESIGN CHAPTER 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW AND QUEUING THEORY 51 INTRODUCTION 52 TRAFFIC STREAM PARAMETERS 521 TRAFFIC FLOW, SPEED, AND DENSITY 53 BASIC TRAFFIC STREAM MODELS 531 SPEED-DENSITY MODEL 532 FLOW-DENSITY MODEL 533 SPEED-FLOW MODEL 54 MODELS OF TRAFFIC FLOW 541 POISSON MODEL 542 LIMITATIONS OF THE POISSON MODEL 55 QUEUING THEORY AND TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS 551 DIMENSIONS OF QUEUING MODELS 552 D/D/1 QUEUING 553 M/D/1 QUEUING 554 M/M/1 QUEUING 555 M/M/N QUEUING 56 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AT HIGHWAY BOTTLENECKS CHAPTER 6 HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND LEVEL-OF-SERVICE ANALYSIS 61 INTRODUCTION 62 LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CONCEPT 63 LEVEL-OF-SERVICE DETERMINATION 631 BASE CONDITIONS AND CAPACITY 632 DETERMINING FREE-FLOW SPEED 633 DETERMINING ANALYSIS FLOW RATE 634 CALCULATING SERVICE MEASURE(S) AND DETERMINING LOS 64 BASIC FREEWAY SEGMENTS 641 BASE CONDITIONS AND CAPACITY 642 SERVICE MEASURE 643 DETERMINING FREE-FLOW SPEED 644 DETERMINING ANALYSIS FLOW RATE 645 CALCULATING DENSITY AND DETERMINING LOS 65 MULTILANE HIGHWAYS 651 BASE CONDITIONS AND CAPACITY 652 SERVICE MEASURE 653 DETERMINING FREE-FLOW SPEED 654 DETERMINING ANALYSIS FLOW RATE 655 CALCULATING DENSITY AND DETERMINE LOS 66 TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS 661 BASE CONDITIONS AND CAPACITY 662 SERVICE MEASURES 663 DETERMINE FREE-FLOW SPEED 664 DETERMINE ANALYSIS FLOW RATE 665 CALCULATING SERVICE MEASURES 666 DETERMINING LOS 67 DESIGN TRAFFIC VOLUMES CHAPTER 7 TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ANALYSIS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS 71 INTRODUCTION 72 INTERSECTION AND SIGNAL CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS 721 ACTUATED CONTROL 722 SIGNAL CONTROLLER OPERATION 73 TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS 74 DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAFFIC SIGNAL PHASING AND TIMING PLAN 741 SELECT SIGNAL PHASING 742 ESTABLISH ANALYSIS LANE GROUPS 743 CALCULATE ANALYSIS FLOW RATES AND ADJUSTED SATURATION FLOW RATES 744 DETERMINE CRITICAL LANE GROUPS AND TOTAL CYCLE LOST TIME 745 CALCULATE CYCLE LENGTH 746 ALLOCATE GREEN TIME 747 CALCULATE CHANGE AND CLEARANCE INTERVALS 748 CHECK PEDESTRIAN CROSSING TIME 75 ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS 751 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION ANALYSIS WITH D/D/1 QUEUING 752 SIGNAL COORDINATION 753 CONTROL DELAY CALCULATION FOR LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS 754 LEVEL-OF-SERVICE DETERMINATION CHAPTER 8 TRAVEL DEMAND AND TRAFFIC FORECASTING 81 INTRODUCTION 82 TRAVELER DECISIONS 83 SCOPE OF THE TRAVEL DEMAND AND TRAFFIC FORECASTING PROBLEM 84 TRIP GENERATION 841 TYPICAL TRIP GENERATION MODELS 842 TRIP GENERATION WITH COUNT DATA MODELS 85 MODE AND DESTINATION CHOICE 851 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH 852 LOGIT MODEL APPLICATIONS 86 HIGHWAY ROUTE CHOICE 861 HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONS 862 USER EQUILIBRIUM 863 MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO USER EQUILIBRIUM 864 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION 87 TRAFFIC FORECASTING IN PRACTICE 88 THE TRADITIONAL FOUR-STEP PROCESS 89 THE CURRENT STATE OF TRAVEL DEMAND AND TRAFFIC FORECASTING APPENDIX 8A LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION APPENDIX 8B MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION