CALCULATIONS IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING: FLUID PRESSURE, AND THE CALCULATION OF ITS EFFECTS IN ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 MECHANICS AND FLUID 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 1 MECHANICS: WHAT TO REMEMBER 1 1 2 MOMENTUM THEOREM 1 1 3 KINETIC ENERGY THEOREM 1 1 4 FORCES DERIVING FROM A POTENTIAL 1 1 5 CONSERVING THE ENERGY OF A MATERIAL POINT 1 2 THE “FLUID STATE” 1 2 1 FLUID PROPERTIES 1 2 2 FORCES APPLIED TO A FLUID 1 3 HOW TO BROACH A QUESTION IN FLUID MECHANICS 1 3 1 THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF FLUID MECHANICS 1 3 2 STRATEGIES FOR ARRIVING AT A REASONED SOLUTION 1 4 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 2 IMMOBILE FLUID 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1 1 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF FLUID STATICS 2 2 DETERMINING THE INTERFACE POSITION AND RELATED QUESTIONS 2 2 1 FLUID STATICS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS SUBJECT TO GRAVITY 2 2 2 CASE OF VOLUME FORCES DERIVING FROM A POTENTIAL 2 2 3 CASE FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS 2 3 CALCULATING THE THRUSTS 2 3 1 METHODS 2 3 2 THRUSTS ON BODIES THAT ARE TOTALLY IMMERSED IN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS 2 3 3 CALCULATING THE THRUST ON A WALL CHAPTER 3 A DESCRIPTION OF FLOWS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 THE DESCRIPTION OF A FLUID FLOW 3 2 1 THE EULERIAN AND LAGRANGIAN DESCRIPTION 3 2 2 KINEMATIC ELEMENTS 3 2 A FIRST PRINCIPLE OF PHYSICS: THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY 3 2 1 THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY 3 3 NOTIONS AND RECALLS ON POTENTIAL FLOWS 3 3 1 DEFINITION 3 3 2 DETERMINATION 3 3 3 DETERMINING STREAMLINES 3 3 4 CURL OF THE VELOCITY 3 4 EXAMPLE OF KINEMATIC CALCULATIONS CHAPTER 4 DYNAMICS OF INVISCID FLUIDS 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 THE BERNOULLI THEOREM: PROOF 4 2 1 WHAT TO RETAIN 4 2 2 ENERGETIC INTERPRETATION OF THE BERNOULLI THEOREM 4 2 3 PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BERNOULLI THEOREM 4 2 4 “CONSTANT ENERGY” FLOWS 4 3 APPLICATIONS OF THE BERNOULLI THEOREM 4 3 1 METHODOLOGY FOR THE RESOLUTION OF A PROBLEM USING THE BERNOULLI THEOREM 4 3 2 DETERMINING AN APPLICATE 4 3 3 DRAINING AND FILLING 4 3 4 MOBILE REFERENCE FRAME 4 3 5 TIME-DEPENDENT FILLING 4 4 DRAINING OF THE BALLASTS 4 5 SYNTHETIC PROBLEMS CHAPTER 5 VISCOUS FLUID FLOWS: CALCULATING HEAD LOSSES 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 THE NOTION OF HEAD: GENERALIZED HEADS 5 3 PRACTICAL CALCULATION OF A HEAD LOSS 5 3 1 INTRODUCTION 5 3 2 LINEAR HEAD LOSSES 5 3 3 SINGULAR LOSS OF HEAD 5 4 CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS CHAPTER 6 CALCULATION OF THRUST AND PROPULSION 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 EULER’S THEOREM AND PROOF 6 2 1 EULER’S FIRST THEOREM AND PROOF 6 3 THRUST OF A JET PROPULSION SYSTEM, AND PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY 6 3 1 CALCULATION OF THE THRUST OF AN “AIRPLANE ENGINE” 6 3 2 CALCULATION OF THE PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY 6 3 3 CALCULATION OF THE THRUST OF A ROCKET ENGINE 6 3 4 SOME APPLICATIONS OF EULER’S THEOREM TO JET PROPULSION 6 4 THRUST EXERTED BY A JET ON A FIXED WALL 6 4 1 CALCULATION OF THE THRUST APPLIED TO A WALL BY A JET 6 4 2 JET IMPACTING ON A WALL 6 5 OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR EULER’S THEOREMS 6 5 1 APPLICATION OF EULER’S THEOREM TO A HEAD LOSS CALCULATION 6 5 2 A CASE FOR THE APPLICATION OF EULER’S SECOND THEOREM