NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INCREASING HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PRODUCTIVITY
I THE LINK BETWEEN TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION 1 TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION RELATIONSHIP 11 INTRODUCTION 12 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADE AND THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 13 NORTH AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 131 WATERWAYS IN NORTH AMERICA 132 RAILWAYS IN NORTH AMERICA 133 ROADS IN NORTH AMERICA 134 NORTH AMERICAN GATEWAYS 14 EUROPEAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 141 ROADS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 142 RAILWAYS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 143 INLAND WATERWAYS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 144 PORTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 15 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK REFERENCES II TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 2 TRADE EVOLUTION IN NORTH AMERICA 21 INTRODUCTION 22 NORTH AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT TARIFFS AND TIMELINE 23 NORTH AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT SIDE AGREEMENTS ON LABOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT 24 NORTH AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT RENEGOTIATION AND POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION 241 AUTO INDUSTRY 242 CANADA’S DAIRY INDUSTRY 243 TECHNOLOGICAL COMPANIES AND ONLINE TRADE 244 STEEL AND ALUMINUM TARIFFS 25 GLOBAL AND NORTH AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT TRADE 251 GLOBAL TRADE 252 TRADE IN THE NORTH AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BLOC 26 CHINA’S TRADE EVOLUTION 261 CHINA’S TRADE WITH THE WORLD 262 US–CHINA TRADE 2621 KEY US–CHINA TRADE COMMODITIES: CHINA’S EXPORTS 2622 KEY US–CHINA TRADE COMMODITIES: CHINA’S IMPORTS 27 IMPACTS OF OFFSHORING AND NEARSHORING IN NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT TRADE 3 US–CANADA AND US–MEXICO TRADE DEMAND 31 INTRODUCTION 32 US–CANADA TRADE 321 US–CANADA TRADE BY TRUCK 3211 US–CANADA TRADE BY TRUCK: VEHICLE OTHER THAN RAILWAY BY TRUCK 3212 US–CANADA TRADE BY TRUCK: COMPUTER-RELATED MACHINERY AND PARTS 3213 US–CANADA TRADE BY TRUCK: ELECTRICAL MACHINERY; EQUIPMENT AND PARTS 3214 US–CANADA TRADE BY TRUCK: PLASTICS AND ARTICLES 322 US–CANADA TRADE BY RAIL 3221 US–CANADA TRADE BY RAIL: VEHICLE OTHER THAN RAILWAY BY TRUCK 3222 US–CANADA TRADE BY RAIL: MINERAL FUELS; OILS AND WAXES 323 US–CANADA TRADE BY VESSEL 33 US–MEXICO TRADE 331 US–MEXICO TRADE BY TRUCK 3311 US EXPORTS TO MEXICO BY TRUCK: ELECTRICAL MACHINERY; EQUIPMENT AND PARTS 3312 US EXPORTS TO MEXICO BY TRUCK: COMPUTER-RELATED MACHINERY AND PARTS 3313 US EXPORTS TO MEXICO BY TRUCK: VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY 332 US–MEXICO TRADE BY RAIL 3321 US EXPORTS TO MEXICO BY RAIL: VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY 3322 US EXPORTS TO MEXICO BY RAIL: COMPUTER-RELATED MACHINERY AND PARTS 3323 US EXPORTS TO MEXICO BY RAIL: PLASTICS AND ARTICLES 333 US–MEXICO TRADE BY VESSEL 334 US IMPORTS BY TRUCK AND RAIL 34 KEY NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT SUPPLY CHAINS 341 AUTO INDUSTRY 342 AGRICULTURE AND FOODS PRODUCTS 343 ENERGY 4 CROSS-BORDER TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN NORTH AMERICA (TRANSPORTATION SUPPLY) 41 INTRODUCTION 42 ROADWAY SYSTEM IN CANADA 421 CANADIAN ASIA–PACIFIC GATEWAY AND CORRIDOR STRATEGY 422 CANADIAN ONTARIO–QUEBEC CONTINENTAL GATEWAY STRATEGY 423 CANADA’S ATLANTIC GATEWAY AND TRADE CORRIDOR STRATEGY 424 CANADA’S HIGHWAY FUNDING 43 ROADWAY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES 431 NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES 432 THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL HIGHWAY FREIGHT NETWORK 433 HIGHWAY FUNDING IN THE UNITED STATES 44 ROADWAY SYSTEM IN MEXICO 441 HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATION IN MEXICO FOR FREIGHT MOVEMENT 442 HIGHWAY CORRIDORS IN MEXICO 443 HIGHWAY FUNDING IN MEXICO 45 SUMMARY: NORTH AMERICAN HIGHWAY SYSTEMS 46 RAILROADS IN NORTH AMERICA 461 RAILROAD CLASSIFICATION 47 LAND BORDER CROSSINGS 471 US–CANADA BORDER CROSSINGS INFRASTRUCTURE 472 US–CANADA RAIL CROSSINGS 473 US–MEXICO BORDER CROSSINGS INFRASTRUCTURE 474 US–MEXICO RAIL BORDER CROSSINGS 48 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN BORDER CROSSING ENVIRONMENT 481 FEDERAL CUSTOMS AGENCIES 4811 US CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION 4812 CANADIAN BORDER SERVICES AGENCY 4813 SERVICIO DE ADMINISTRACIÓN TRIBUTARIA (ADUANA DE MÉXICO) 482 FEDERAL AND LOCAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES 483 BORDER CROSSING OPERATORS 484 PRIVATE SECTOR CARRIERS, CUSTOMS BROKERS, AND LOGISTICS OPERATORS 485 OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 49 BORDER CROSSING PROCESSES 491 MEXICO TO THE US COMMERCIAL VEHICLE CROSSING PROCESS 4911 THE MEXICAN EXPORT LOT 4912 THE US FEDERAL COMPOUND 4913 THE STATE VEHICLE SAFETY INSPECTION FACILITY 492 US TO MEXICO COMMERCIAL VEHICLE CROSSING 493 MEXICO TO US PRIVATELY OWNED VEHICLE CROSSING PROCESS 494 US TO MEXICO PRIVATELY OWNED VEHICLE CROSSING PROCESS 495 CANADA–US BORDER CROSSING PROCESSES 410 TRUSTED TRAVELER AND TRADE PROGRAMS 4101 FAST PROGRAM 4102 PASSENGER VEHICLE BORDER CROSSING SECURITY PROGRAMS 4103 UNIFIED CARGO PROCESSING 41031 US–MEXICO CROSS-BORDER TRUCKING 411 BORDER CROSSING INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 4111 US PRESIDENTIAL PERMIT 4112 STEP 1: PROJECT CATEGORIZATION 4113 STEP 2: APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 4114 STEP 3: ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 4115 STEP 4: AGENCY REVIEW AND PUBLIC COMMENT 4116 STEP 5: NATIONAL INTEREST DETERMINATION AND PERMIT ISSUANCE 412 BORDER CROSSING INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDING MECHANISMS III TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION IN EUROPE 5 TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION EVOLUTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 51 DESCRIPTION OF HOW THE EUROPEAN UNION EVOLVED FROM THE ORIGINAL FOUNDING MEMBERS TO CURRENT STATUS 511 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 512 DECISION-MAKING AT EUROPEAN UNION LEVEL AND THE EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED 513 TYPES OF LEGAL ACTS PROPOSED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 514 TYPES OF POWERS GRANTED TO THE EUROPEAN UNION ON POLICY-MAKING DECISIONS 515 FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO EUROPEAN UNION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: THE MULTIANNUAL FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK 52 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TRADE POLICY DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPACTS ON THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 521 EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION TRADE POLICY 522 TYPES OF EUROPEAN UNION TRADE AGREEMENTS 523 EUROPEAN UNION TRADE AGREEMENT NEGOTIATION PROCESS 524 TRANSPORT POLICY AND TRADE 525 TODAY’S CONTEXT 53 EUROPEAN UNION TRADE AGREEMENTS, SHAPING TRADE RELATIONS WITH NON-EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES 531 CUSTOMS UNION, THE INTERNAL MARKET AND FREE TRADE AREAS IN EUROPE 532 MULTILATERAL FREE TRADE AREAS IN EUROPE 533 BI-LATERAL EUROPEAN UNION FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS 534 UNILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS 6 TRADE DEMAND IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 61 INTRODUCTION 62 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EUROPEAN UNION TRADE 63 INTRA-EUROPEAN UNION TRADE 631 INTRA-EUROPEAN UNION TRADE BY MEMBER STATE 632 INTRA-EUROPEAN UNION TRADE BY PRODUCT TYPE 64 EXTRA-EUROPEAN UNION TRADE 641 EXTRA-EUROPEAN UNION TRADE BY MEMBER STATE 642 EXTRA-EUROPEAN UNION TRADE BY PRODUCT TYPE 65 EUROPEAN UNION TRADE BY MODE OF TRANSPORT 651 EXTRA-EUROPEAN UNION TRADE BY MODE 652 INLAND EUROPEAN UNION FREIGHT TRANSPORT 66 MAJOR EUROPEAN SUPPLY CHAINS DATA SOURCES 7 TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND FUNDING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 71 TRANSPORT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE 72 THE TRANS-EUROPEAN TRANSPORT NETWORKS 73 CORE NETWORK CORRIDORS 731 ATLANTIC CORRIDOR 7311 ATLANTIC CORRIDOR RAILWAY NETWORK 7312 ATLANTIC INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK AND INLAND PORTS 7313 ATLANTIC MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE AND MOTORWAYS OF THE SEA 7314 ATLANTIC ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 732 BALTIC–ADRIATIC CORRIDOR 7321 BALTIC–ADRIATIC RAILWAY NETWORK 7322 BALTIC ADRIATIC PORTS INFRASTRUCTURE 7323 BALTIC–ADRIATIC ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 733 MEDITERRANEAN CORRIDOR 7331 MEDITERRANEAN RAILWAY NETWORK 7332 MEDITERRANEAN INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK 7333 MEDITERRANEAN PORTS INFRASTRUCTURE 7334 MEDITERRANEAN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 734 NORTH SEA–BALTIC CORRIDOR 7341 NORTH SEA–BALTIC RAILWAY NETWORK 7342 NORTH SEA–BALTIC INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK AND INLAND PORTS 7343 NORTH SEA–BALTIC MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE AND SEAPORTS 7344 NORTH SEA–BALTIC ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 735 NORTH SEA–MEDITERRANEAN CORRIDOR 7351 NORTH SEA–MEDITERRANEAN RAILWAY NETWORK 7352 NORTH SEA–MEDITERRANEAN INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK 7353 NORTH SEA–MEDITERRANEAN MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE AND PORTS 7354 NORTH SEA–MEDITERRANEAN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 736 ORIENT–EAST MED CORRIDOR 7361 ORIENT–EAST MED RAILWAY NETWORK 7362 ORIENT–EAST MED INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK AND INLAND PORTS 7363 ORIENT–EAST MED MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE AND PORTS 7364 ORIENT–EAST MED ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 737 RHINE–ALPINE CORRIDOR 7371 RHINE–ALPINE RAILWAY NETWORK 7372 RHINE–ALPINE INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK AND INLAND PORTS 7373 RHINE–ALPINE MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE AND MOTORWAYS OF THE SEA 7374 RHINE–ALPINE ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 738 RHINE–DANUBE CORRIDOR 7381 RHINE–DANUBE RAILWAY NETWORK 7382 RHINE–DANUBE INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK AND THE INLAND PORTS 7383 RHINE–DANUBE MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE AND MOTORWAYS OF THE SEA 7384 RHINE–DANUBE ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 739 SCANDINAVIAN–MEDITERRANEAN CORRIDOR 7391 SCANDINAVIAN–MEDITERRANEAN RAILWAY NETWORK 7392 SCANDINAVIAN–MEDITERRANEAN INLAND WATERWAY NETWORK AND THE INLAND PORTS 7393 SCANDINAVIAN–MEDITERRANEAN MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE AND PORTS 7394 SCANDINAVIAN–MEDITERRANEAN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 74 EUROPEAN TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDING MECHANISMS 741 CONNECTING EUROPE FACILITY 742 EUROPEAN FUND FOR STRATEGIC INVESTMENT 743 EUROPEAN STRUCTURAL AND INVESTMENT FUNDS 7431 EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND 7432 COHESION FUND 744 HORIZON 2020 75 INFRASTRUCTURE CONNECTIVITY WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES AND KEY TRADE PARTNERS 751 EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY 752 THE EU–CHINA CONNECTIVITY PLATFORM FURTHER READING IV TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION FUTURE TRENDS 8 FUTURE OUTLOOK 81 INTRODUCTION 82 DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 821 BLOCKCHAIN 822 INTERNET OF THINGS 823 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING) 824 AUTOMATED VEHICLES/CONNECTED VEHICLES 825 ECOMMERCE 83 IMPACTS OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 84 GEOPOLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 85 CONCLUSION INDEX