ROCK MECHANICS: AN INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction 1 11 Laboratory Testing 1 12 In Situ Testing 2 13 Empirical Correlations 5 14 Contents of the Book 8 References 9 2 Geotechnical Properties of Soils – Fundamentals 11 21 Laboratory Tests for Soils 11 22 Phase Relations 12 221 Terminology and Definitions 13 222 Relationships Between the Variables 15 23 Granular Soils 16 231 Grain Size Distribution 16 232 Relative Density 18 24 Plasticity 19 241 Atterberg Limits 19 242 Classification of Fine Grained Soils Based on Plasticity 20 25 Compaction 21 26 Permeability 24 261 D’Arcy’s Law and Permeability Measurements 24 262 Intrinsic Permeability 28 263 Reynold’s Number and Laminar Flow 29 264 Anisotropy 29 265 One-Dimensional Flow in Layered Soils 30 266 Effect of Applied Pressure on Permeability 31 267 Critical Hydraulic Gradient 32 27 Effective Stresses and Total Stresses 33 28 Consolidation 33 281 Computation of Final Consolidation Settlement 34 282 Time Rate of Consolidation 35 283 Coefficient of Volume Compressibility mv 39 284 Secondary Compression 41 29 Shear Strength 43 291 Shear Strength, Friction Angle and Cohesion 43 292 Undrained and Drained Loadings in Clays 44 293 Undrained Shear Strength of Clays 44 294 Peak, Residual and Critical States 45 295 Dilatancy Angle 46 296 Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest 46 210 Soil Variability 47 References 48 3 Correlations for Laboratory Test Parameters 51 31 Permeability 51 311 Granular Soils 52 312 Cohesive Soils 53 32 Consolidation 54 321 Compression Index 54 322 Recompression Index or Swelling Index 57 323 Compression Ratio and Recompression Ratio 57 324 Constrained Modulus 58 325 Coefficient of Consolidation cv 59 326 Secondary Compression 60 33 Shear Strength Parameters c0 and ?0 60 331 Cohesion in Terms of Effective Stress c0 60 332 Effects of Dilatancy in Granular Soils 62 333 ?0 peak, ?0 cv, ?0 res Relationships with Plasticity Index for Clays 63 334 Other Friction Angle Correlations 66 335 Stress Path Dependence of Friction Angles 69 336 Skempton’s Pore Pressure Parameters 72 337 Sensitivity of Clays 72 34 Undrained Shear Strength of a Clay cu 73 35 Soil Stiffness and Young’s Modulus 76 36 Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest Ko 79 37 Using Laboratory Test Data in Pile Designs 81 References 83 4 Standard Penetration Test 87 41 Standard Penetration Test Procedure 87 42 Correction of N Value for Effective Overburden Pressure (For Granular Soils) 89 43 Correction for SPT Hammer Energy Efficiency 91 44 Correlation of Standard Penetration Number with Relative Density (Dr) of Sand 93 45 Correlation of N with Peak Drained Friction Angle (?) for Sand 99 46 Correlation of N with Modulus of Elasticity (E) for Sandy Soils 102 47 Correlation of Undrained Cohesion (cu) with N for Clay Soil 103 48 Correlation of Preconsolidation Pressure (?c 0) with N for Clay Soil 104 49 Correlation of Overconsolidation Ratio (Ocr) with N for Clay Soil 105 410 Correlation of Cone Penetration Resistance (qc) with N 105 411 Correlation of Liquefaction Potential of Sand with N 106 412 Correlations for Shear Wave Velocity, vs 107 413 SPT Correlations with Foundation Bearing Capacity 107 References 110 5 Cone Penetrometer Test 115 51 Cone Penetrometer Test – General 115 52 Piezocone Test – Equipment and Procedure 117 53 Practical Use of Penetrometer Test Results 121 54 Soil Classification 121 55 Correlations for Sands 125 551 Correlation with Relative Density of Sand 125 552 Correlation of qc with Sand Friction Angle, ?0 128 553 Correlation with Constrained Modulus of Cohesionless Soils 130 554 Correlation with Small Strain Shear Modulus of Cohesionless Soils 132 56 Correlations for Cohesive Soils 134 561 Correlation with Undrained Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils 134 562 Correlation with Sensitivity of Cohesive Soils 135 563 Correlation with Over Consolidation Ratio of Cohesive Soils 136 564 Correlation with Constrained Modulus of Cohesive Soils 137 565 Correlation with Compressibility of Cohesive Soils 138 566 Correlation with Friction Angle of Cohesive Soils 139 567 Correlation with Small Strain Shear Modulus of Cohesive Soils 139 57 Correlation with Unit Weight 141 58 Correlation with Permeability 142 59 Correlation with SPT N 142 510 Correlation with Bearing Capacity 145 5101 Shallow Foundations 145 5102 Deep Foundations 146 511 Liquefaction Assessment 148 5111 Cyclic Stress Ratio 149 5112 Normalization of Resistance 150 5113 Computation of Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) 152 References 153 6 Pressuremeter Test 159 61 Pressuremeter Test – General 159 611 Menard Type Pressuremeter 160 612 Self-Boring Pressuremeter 162 613 Other Developments 164 62 Pressuremeter Test – Theoretical Interpretation 165 63 Parameter Derivation 165 631 In-Situ Lateral Stress 165 632 Young’s Modulus 167 633 Undrained Shear Strength in Clay 168 634 Friction Angle in Sands 171 64 Correlations with Other Tests 173 641 Correlation Between Limit Pressure from Menard Type Pressuremeter and qc from Cone Penetrometer Test 173 642 Correlations with Other Soil Parameters – Menard Type Pressuremeter 173 65 Use of Menard Type Pressuremeter Test Results Directly in Design 173 651 Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qu) of Shallow Foundations – Menard Type Pressuremeter 174 652 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations – Menard Type Pressuremeter Test 176 653 Skin Friction for Deep Foundations – Menard Type Pressuremeter 176 654 Correlation with qc and SPT N 176 655 Other Design Parameters from Menard Type Pressuremeter 177 References 179 7 Dilatometer Test 183 71 Introduction 183 72 Intermediate DMT Parameters 186 73 Correlations 187 74 Summary 191 References 191 8 Vane Shear Test 193 81 Vane Shear Test – General 193 82 Vane Shear Test Equipment and Procedure in the Field 194 83 Assessment of Shear Strength in the Field Using the Vane Shear Test 196 831 Assessment of Sensitivity of Clay 198 84 Vane Shear Test Corrections 198 85 Correlations for cu in Normally Consolidated Soils 201 86 Correlations for cu in Over Consolidated Soils 202 87 Summary 204 References 204 9 Laboratory Rock Tests 207 91 Rock Cores and RQD 208 92 Permeability 209 93 Uniaxial Compressive Strength 209 94 Brazilian Indirect Tensile Strength 216 95 Point Load Strength 218 96 Slake Durability 219 97 Summary 220 References 221