THE GRAPHIC METHOD BY INFLUENCE LINES FOR BRIDGE AND ROOF COMPUTATIONS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND TO MODERN TUNNELLING 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 TUNNELLING IN ANTIQUITY 1 3 DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONALE 1 4 NEW METHODS, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 1 5 TOWARDS THE PRESENT DAY 1 6 THE DEVELOPING PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT DESIGN: THE UBIQUITOUS ELEMENT 2 1 THE NATURE OF DESIGN AND ITS APPLICATION TO TUNNELLING 2 1 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGN 2 1 2 THE PARTIES TO THE DESIGN PROCESS 2 1 3 UNCERTAINTY AND RISK 2 1 4 QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN TEAM 2 2 STEPS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS 2 3 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES 2 4 CONSTRUCTION (DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT) REGULATIONS 2 5 PITFALLS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS 2 6 THE OBSERVATIONAL APPROACH 2 7 THE OBSERVATIONAL METHOD AND OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN PLANNING 3 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING 3 1 1 ASSESSMENT BETWEEN OPTIONS 3 1 2 IN THE BEGINNING 3 1 3 PLANNING UNFOLDS 3 2 FINANCIAL PLANNING 3 3 THE LAW: FACILITATOR OR TRIPWIRE? 3 4 COMPETENCE IN PLANNING 3 5 COORDINATED PLANNING OF PROJECTS 3 5 1 MULTIPLE-PURPOSE PROJECTS 3 5 2 SERIAL PLANNING OF PROJECTS 3 6 ISSUES OF PROCUREMENT OF CONCERN TO PLANNING 3 7 RELIABILITY OF FORECASTING 3 7 1 POLITICAL INFLUENCE 3 7 2 AUTHORSHIP OF ESTIMATES 3 7 3 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS 3 7 4 TIMING OF COMPLETION 3 7 5 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITORS 3 7 6 RANGES AND QUALIFICATIONS 3 7 7 ATTENTION TO ‘CLIMATE OF RISK’ 3 7 8 CHANGES IN REQUIREMENTS, INCLUDING UNCERTAINTY AND VACILLATIONS 3 7 9 CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS 3 7 10 TENDERING PROCESSES 3 7 11 INFLEXIBLE PROGRAMMING 3 8 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN PLANNING STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS 4 1 THE METHODICAL ACQUISITION OF DATA 4 1 1 STUDIES RELATING TO OPERATION 4 1 2 STUDIES RELATING TO THE EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT 4 1 3 INSTRUMENTATION AND ITS INTERPRETATION 4 2 HOW NOT TO MANAGE THE SITE INVESTIGATION 4 3 HOW MUCH SITE INVESTIGATION? 4 4 REPORTING ON SITE INVESTIGATION 4 5 IDENTIFICATION OF PATTERNS IN THE GROUND 4 6 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF SITE INVESTIGATION DESIGN OF THE TUNNEL PROJECT 5 1 OPTIONS IN TUNNEL DESIGN 5 1 1 THE NATURE OF THE GROUND 5 1 2 DRILL-AND-BLAST 5 1 3 TUNNELS WITH INFORMAL SUPPORT 5 1 4 SQUEEZING GROUND 5 1 5 TUNNELS DRIVEN BY TBM OR SHIELD 5 2 DESIGN OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEM 5 2 1 STEEL ARCHES 5 2 2 INFORMAL SUPPORT FOR TUNNELS IN WEAK AND SQUEEZING GROUND 5 2 3 SEGMENTAL LININGS 5 2 4 TUNNEL JUNCTIONS AND ENLARGEMENTS 5 3 GROUND MOVEMENTS AND SURFACE SETTLEMENT 5 4 PRESSURE TUNNELS 5 5 AIDS TO DESIGN CALCULATION APPENDIX 5A THE CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN ELASTIC GROUND APPENDIX 5B CYLINDRICAL CAVITY WITH INTERNAL SUPPORT APPENDIX 5C SPHERICAL CAVITY WITH INTERNAL SUPPORT APPENDIX 5D THE REINFORCED ROCK ARCH APPENDIX 5E THE BRICKWORK OR MASONRY TUNNEL APPENDIX 5F THE GROUND MODEL APPENDIX 5G GROUND-WATER FLOW INTO A TUNNEL DESIGN OF CONSTRUCTION 6 1 THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 6 1 1 PREDICTION 6 1 2 EXECUTION 6 1 3 OBSERVATION 6 2 THE INITIAL PHASES 6 2 1 BIDDING STRATEGY 6 2 2 THE EARLY PHASE OF CONSTRUCTION 6 3 CHOICE OF METHOD 6 4 SPECIAL EXPEDIENTS MANAGEMENT 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 PROJECT PROCUREMENT 7 3 THE ‘ZERO-SUM’ FALLACY 7 4 THE FUNCTIONS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 7 5 PRINCIPLES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 7 6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE 7 7 THE TEAM AND THE CONTRACT HAZARDS, DISPUTES AND THEIR RESOLUTION 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION 8 3 METHANE 8 4 DEFECTS DURING OPERATION 8 5 DISPUTES 8 5 1 CAUSES OF DISPUTES 8 5 2 RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES CODA: THE HEATHROW TUNNEL COLLAPSE 9 1 THE CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT 9 2 THE PROJECT UNFOLDS 9 3 TECHNICAL EXPLANATIONS OF THE COLLAPSE 9 4 FAILURES OF MANAGEMENT 9 5 SUMMARY OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO FAILURE 9 5 1 THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT 9 5 2 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 9 5 3 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 9 5 4 COMPENSATION GROUTING 9 5 5 MONITORING 9 5 6 FAILURE TO INVESTIGATE 9 6 EVENTS POST COLLAPSE REFERENCES