EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON FLOW CAPACITY IN METAL CONDUITS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT THE EUROPEAN CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS REGULATION (CPR) OUTLINE OF THE BOOK REFERENCES PART I LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA), ECO-LABELLING AND PROCUREMENT MINERAL RESOURCE DEPLETION ASSESSMENT DE? NITION AND CLASSI? CATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES TRENDS IN MINERAL USE AND DEPLETION DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF MINERAL RESOURCE USE AND DEPLETION: THE HUBBERT PEAK MODEL FROM GRAVE TO CRADLE: A NEW APPROACH TO ASSESS AND ACCOUNT FOR MINERAL DEPLETION CONCLUSIONS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS: AN OVERVIEW THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDING MATERIALS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) AND SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF THE BUILDING SECTOR: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES THE OVERALL STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES WITHIN LCA METHODOLOGY USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) METHODOLOGY TO DEVELOP ECO-LABELS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS INTRODUCTION: LIFE CYCLE THINKING AND ECO-LABELS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) TYPES OF ECO-LABELS AND THEIR RELATION TO LCA ENVIRONMENTAL CERTI? CATION PROGRAMMES FOR BUILDINGS FUTURE TRENDS SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION AND ADVICE THE EU ECOLABEL SCHEME AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS THE EU ECOLABEL AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION POLICY FOR SUSTAINABILITY HISTORY AND GOALS OF THE EU ECOLABEL SCHEME EU ECOLABEL ESTABLISHMENT PROCEDURES AND CRITERIA EU ECOLABEL AND GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT (GPP) EU ECOLABEL AND NATIONAL ECOLABELLING SCHEMES EU ECOLABEL FOR ECO-EF? CIENT CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING APPENDIX: ABBREVIATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION (EPD) LABELLING OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION (EPD) METHODOLOGY EPD PROGRAMMES AROUND THE WORLD PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES (PCR) FOR CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS CASE STUDIES: EPD FOR CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS SHORTCOMINGS OF ECO-LABELLING OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS TYPICAL SHORTCOMINGS OF ECO-LABELS BUILDING MATERIALS ECO-LABELLING OF BUILDINGS GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT (GPP) OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT (GPP) AND SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT (SPP) AS POLICY INSTRUMENTS POLICY CONTEXT IN THE EU POLICY CONTEXT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES THE NEED FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT IMPLEMENTING GPP/SPP IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR KEY CONCERNS FOR PROGRESS TOWARDS SPP PART II ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONVENTIONAL AND ‘GREEN’ CEMENT PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS (SCMS) ALTERNATIVE BINDERS BALANCING FUNCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF CONCRETE MADE USING RECYCLED CONCRETE OR NATURAL AGGREGATES LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE (RAC) IN? UENCE OF DIFFERENT PHASES IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR NATURAL AND RECYCLED CONCRETE RESEARCH ON THE USE OF NATURAL AND RECYCLED AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE ANALYSIS OF THE IN? UENCE OF THE TRANSPORT PHASE ANALYSIS OF THE IN? UENCE OF CO2 UPTAKE DURING THE LIFE CYCLE OF CONCRETE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF BUILDING THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) ANALYSIS OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS THE ECOLOGICAL BENE? TS OF THERMAL INSULATION OF EXTERNAL WALLS OF BUILDINGS THE ECONOMIC BENE? TS OF THERMAL INSULATION LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCMS) USED IN BUILDINGS INTRODUCTION TO PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCMS) AND THEIR USE IN BUILDINGS INVESTIGATING THE USE OF PCMS IN BUILDINGS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) METHODOLOGY PCM IMPACT AND SELECTION LCA OF BUILDINGS INCLUDING PCMS: CASE STUDIES IMPROVEMENT IN PCM USE PROBLEMS IN UNDERTAKING AN LCA OF BUILDINGS INCLUDING PCMS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF WOOD-BASED BUILDING MATERIALS FORESTRY AND WOOD PRODUCTION WOOD PRODUCT MANUFACTURE BUILDING WITH WOOD MATERIALS INTEGRATED ENERGY AND MATERIAL ? OWS WOOD PRODUCTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE WOOD BUILDING MATERIALS: PAST AND FUTURE SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ADHESIVES INTRODUCTION: GROWTH IN THE USAGE OF ADHESIVES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE GROWTH IN ADHESIVE USE ADHESIVES, ADHESION AND THE ENVIRONMENT REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT A TECHNICAL ‘? X’ FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS ENERGY DEMAND AND SUPPLY THE STATIONARY STATE: LIMITS TO GROWTH LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF ROAD PAVEMENT MATERIALS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) FOR ROADS LCA FOR MOTORWAY CONSTRUCTION LCA FOR MOTORWAY USE AND MAINTENANCE LCA FOR THE DEMOLITION/DECONSTRUCTION OF MOTORWAYS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART III ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PARTICULAR TYPES OF STRUCTURE COMPARING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND WOODEN STRUCTURES ENVIRONMENTAL STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF USING WOOD AND CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) FOR WOOD AND CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN USING LCA TO COMPARE CONCRETE AND WOOD CONSTRUCTION: A CASE STUDY SELECTION AND ADAPTATION OF LCA TOOLS LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND INTERPRETATION BIBLIOGRAPHY ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS A BRIEF HISTORY OF PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS TYPES OF PREFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES ASSESSING PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS CASE STUDY: SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF PREFABRICATED SCHOOL BUILDINGS CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF GREEN FAÇADES AND LIVING WALL SYSTEMS INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF LCA RESULTS INTERPRETATION OF THE LCA ANALYSIS ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLADDING SYSTEMS FOR GREEN BUILDINGS THE NEED FOR GREEN BUILDINGS THE ROLE OF CLADDING SYSTEMS IN MAKING BUILDINGS GREEN IMPLEMENTATION: ASSESSING THE ECO-EF? CIENCY OF CLADDING SYSTEMS IN BAHRAIN INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF WINDOWS AND WINDOW MATERIALS MODERN WINDOW CONSTRUCTION THE LIFE CYCLE OF A WINDOW PREVIOUS WINDOW LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) STUDIES THE IN? UENCE OF TIMING ON THE RESULTS OF WINDOW LCA USE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY SELECTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WINDOW MATERIALS CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE TRENDS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (UHPC) STRUCTURES LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) DATA AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHOD IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (UHPC) IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF UHPC AT MATERIAL LEVEL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURES MADE WITH UHPC COST OF UHPC LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF ? BRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) COMPOSITES IN CIVIL APPLICATIONS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) METHOD LCA OF ? BRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) COMPOSITES: CASE STUDIES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS ABSTRACT : EARTH ’ S NATURAL RESOURCES ARE ? NITE AND FACE INCREASING HUMAN PRESSURE OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES, CONCERN HAS BEEN GROWING ABOUT RESOURCE EF? CIENCY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MATERIAL CONSUMPTION THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSUMPTION OF A RELEVANT PART OF ALL PRODUCED MATERIALS, HOWEVER, ONLY RECENTLY HAS THIS INDUSTRY STARTED TO WORRY ABOUT ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THIS CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS RELEVANT LANDMARKS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MATERIALS EF? CIENCY AND ON THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS AN OVERVIEW ON THE EUROPEAN CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS REGULATION (CPR) ENFORCED SINCE THE INTRODUCTION FOUR DECADES AGO, SEVERAL INVESTIGATORS USED A COMPUTER MODEL BASED ON THE ? XED-STOCK PARADIGM TO STUDY THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POPULATION, FOOD PRODUCTION, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, POLLUTION AND THE CONSUMPTION OF NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES THEY PREDICTED THAT DURING THE 21ST CENTURY, THE EARTH ’ S CAPACITY WOULD BE EXHAUSTED, RESULTING IN THE COLLAPSE OF HUMAN CIVILISATION AS WE KNOW IT (MEADOWS ET AL , 1972 ) TWO DECADES LATER, AN UPDATE OF THIS STUDY WAS PUBLISHED SHOWING THAT SOME LIMITS HAD ALREADY BEEN CROSSED (MEADOWS ET AL , 1992 ) WHILST THE PARTICULAR ASSUMPTIONS AND PREDICTIONS OF SUCH STUDIES HAVE BEEN QUESTIONED, THERE IS GENERAL AGREEMENT THAT MAY OF THE EARTH ’ S KEY RESOURCES ARE ? NITE AND MUST BE CONSERVED AS A CONSE- QUENCE, THE CONCEPT OF ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT’ GAINED INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION THROUGH THE LANDMARK BRUNDTLAND REPORT ‘OUR COMMON FUTURE’ (BRUNDTLAND, 1987 ) SOME AUTHORS (CLAYTON, 2001 ; CHOI AND PATTENT, 2001 ) HAVE ARGUED THAT ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT’ IS AN OXYMORON: WE CANNOT HAVE DEVELOPMENT/ GROWTH FOR THE ENTIRE WORLD POPULATION AND AT THE SAME TIME, EXPECT THIS DEVELOPMENT TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT THE FACT THAT THERE HAVE BEEN SERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS IN EUROPE, SUCH AS STAVA (1985), AZNALCOLLAR (1998), BAIA BORSA (2000) AND KOLONTAR (2010), DESPITE THE REGION ’ S RELATIVELY HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS, ILLUSTRATES THIS PROBLEM THE CHALLENGE IS ALSO HIGHLIGHTED BY CONTINUED GROWTH IN MATERIALS USE EUROPE HAS THE WORLD ’ S HIGHEST NET IMPORTS OF RESOURCES PER PERSON, AND ITS OPEN ECONOMY RELIES HEAVILY ON IMPORTED RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY IN 2007 THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MATERIAL DIRECTLY USED IN THE EU ECONOMY WAS MORE THAN 8 BILLION TONNES (COM, 2011A ) IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT GLOBAL MATERIALS USE INCREASED EIGHT-FOLD IN THE LAST CENTURY AND THAT CURRENT USAGE IS ALMOST 60 BILLION TONS (GT) OF MATERIALS PER YEAR (KRAUSMANN ET AL , 2009 ) DESPITE THIS HUGE HISTORIC GROWTH, SOME AUTHORS PREDICT THAT MATERIALS DEMAND WILL DOUBLE BY 2050 (ALLWOOD ET AL , 2011 ) IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT 40% OF ALL MATERIALS ARE USED BY THE CON- STRUCTION INDUSTRY (KULATUNGA ET AL , 2006 ) THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS EXPECTED TO CONTINUE TO GROW RAPIDLY AS AN EXAMPLE, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT INDIA WILL INVEST US$ 1 TRILLION IN INFRASTRUCTURE BETWEEN 2012 AND 2017 (CHAKRABORTY ET AL , 2011 ) IN THE USA, WHERE AROUND 27% OF ALL HIGHWAY BRIDGES ARE IN NEED OF REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT, THE NEEDS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION ALONE ARE ESTIMATED TO BE OVER US$ 1 6 TRILLION DURING THE NEXT ? VE YEARS, (DAVALOS, 2012 ) WANG ET AL (2010) HAVE ESTIMATED THAT CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN CHINA CONSUME APPROXIMATELY 40% OF ITS TOTAL NATURAL RESOURCES AND AROUND 40% OF ITS ENERGY AND THAT THE COUNTRY WILL NEED 40 BILLION SQUARE METRES OF COMBINED RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL ? OOR SPACE OVER THE NEXT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT THE METHODOLOGY USED TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A GIVEN MATERIAL IS KNOWN AS ‘LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT’ (LCA) AND ‘INCLUDES THE 115 EXPERIMENTS ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE OF THE PRODUCT, PROCESS OR ACTIVITY, I E , THE EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OF RAW MATERIALS, MANUFACTURING, TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION, USE, MAINTENANCE, RECYCLING, REUSE AND ? NAL DISPOSAL’ (SETAC, 1993 ) THE APPLICATION OF LCA HAS BEEN REGULATED INTERNATIONALLY SINCE 1996 UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION (ISO) WHICH CLASSI? ES THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS INTO THREE TYPOLOGIES – TYPES I(ECO-LABELS, ISO 14024), TYPE II (PRODUCT SELF-DECLARATIONS, ISO 14021), AND TYPE III (EPDS, ISO 14025) IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT IN 2012, THE DG ENVIRONMENT PUBLISHED THE DRAFT OF A HARMONISED METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF PRODUCTS (DEL BORGHI, 2013 ) SINCE THE ? RST ECO-LABEL, THE GERMAN BLUE ANGEL, WAS CREATED IN 1978, SEVERAL OTHERS HAVE APPEARED HOWEVER, SOME AUTHORS (RAJAGOPALAN ET AL , 2012 ) ARGUE THAT ‘THE LABELLING OF GREEN MATERIALS IS CONFUSING AND THAT CONSUMERS ARE SUSPICIOUS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL CLAIMS OF MANUFACTURERS ’ HAUSCHILD ET AL (2013) STATE THAT THE LCA STANDARD ISO 14040-44 IS RATHER GENERALISED AND NON-SPECI? C IN ITS REQUIREMENTS AND OFFERS LITTLE HELP TO THE LCA PRACTITIONER IN MAKING CHOICES THE WEIGHTING PROCESS RELATED TO DECI- SION MAKING AS TO WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARE MOST SIGNI? CANT FOR THE PROCESS OR PRODUCT IN QUESTION REMAINS A CONTROVERSIAL AND INEXACT SCIENCE (JOHNSEN AND LØKKE, 2013 ) OTHER ISSUES ALSO REMAIN AS OPEN QUESTIONS IN THE LCA METHODOLOGY (FEIFEL ET AL , 2010 ) OTHER IMPORTANT SUBJECTS MUST ALSO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN CONSIDERING THE FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS FOR EXAMPLE, IT REMAINS TO BE SEEN IF THE BENE? TS OF RECYCLING SHOULD BE CREDITED TO THE PRIMARY PRODUCER OR TO THE USER OF RECYCLED MATERIALS (HUANG ET AL , 2013 ; CHEN ET AL , 2010 ) THIS IS A CRUCIAL ISSUE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REVISED WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (WFD) 2008/98/EC (EU, 2008 ) WHICH ESTAB- LISHED THAT BY 2020, THE MINIMUM RECYCLING PERCENTAGE OF ‘NON-HAZARDOUS’ CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES SHOULD BE AT LEAST 70% BY WEIGHT (PACHECO-TORGAL ET AL , 2013 ) IMPROVING THE REUSE OF RAW MATERIALS THROUGH GREATER ‘INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS’ ACROSS THE EU COULD SAVE € 1 4BN A YEAR AND GENERATE € 1 6BN IN SALES (COM, 2011A ) THE SIMPLI? CATIONS OF LCAS ARE UNLIKELY TO COPE WELL WITH THE INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS IN THE CONTEXT OF LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS (KELLENBERGER AND ALTHAUS, 2009 ; BLENGINI AND DI CARLO, 2010 ) IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT HIGHER ENERGY EF? CIENCY IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS IS THE KEY FOR TRANSFORMATION OF THE EU ’ S ENERGY SYSTEM (COM, 2011B ) ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS DIRECTIVE (EU, 2010 ), ALL NEW CONSTRUCTIONS WILL HAVE TO BE NEARLY ZERO-ENERGY BY 31 DECEMBER 2020 CURRENT LABELLING SCHEMES ARE ONLY CONCERNED WITH SHORT TERM VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS FROM BUILDING MATERIALS RESEARCH ON LONG- TERM EMISSIONS IS THEREFORE NEEDED TO REDUCE THE LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY (SKAAR 115 EXPERIMENTS ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY THE EUROPEAN CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS REGULATION (CPR) THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS BEEN IN THE LEAD ON SEVEN IMPORTANT INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS SMART, SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH UP TO 2020 AND BEYOND ONE OF THESE: ‘A RESOURCE-EF? CIENT EUROPE – FLAGSHIP INITIATIVE UNDER THE EUROPE 2020 STRATEGY’ (EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2010 ), HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF INCREASING RESOURCE EF? CIENCY AS THE KEY TO MAJOR ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY, DRIVING DOWN COSTS AND BOOSTING COMPETITIVENESS THE EU HAS RECENTLY PASSED REGULATIONS THAT WILL MAKE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS MANDATORY ON 9 MARCH 2011 THE EUROPEAN UNION APPROVED REGULATION 305/2011 (EU, 2011 ), THE CPR, WHICH REPLACED DIRECTIVE 89/106/EEC, ALREADY AMENDED BY DIRECTIVE 1993/68/EEC, KNOWN AS THE CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE (CPD) THE NEW CPR WAS PUBLISHED IN THE OF? CIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ( OJEU ) ON 4 APRIL 2011 IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 68, THE CPR ENTERED INTO FORCE ON 24 APRIL, THE 20TH DAY FOLLOWING ITS PUBLICATION IN THE OJEU THIS INCLUDES ARTICLES 1 AND 2, 29 TO 35, 39 TO 55, 64, 67 AND 68, AND ANNEX IV HOWEVER, ARTICLES 3 TO 28, 36 TO 38, 56 TO 63, 65 AND 66, AS WELL AS ANNEXES I, II, III AND V, WILL APPLY FROM 1 JULY 2013 THEREFORE THE CPR WILL BE FULLY ENFORCED WITHOUT THE REQUIREMENT FOR ANY NATIONAL LEGISLATION BY 1 JULY 2013 A REGULATION IS DE? NED AS FOLLOWS: ‘SHALL HAVE GENERAL APPLICATION IT SHALL BE BINDING IN ITS ENTIRETY AND DIRECTLY APPLICABLE IN ALL MEMBER STATES’ THE CPD STATUES ARE ‘BINDING, AS TO THE RESULT TO BE ACHIEVED, UPON EACH MEMBER STATE TO WHICH IT IS ADDRESSED, BUT SHALL LEAVE TO THE NATIONAL AUTHORITIES THE CHOICE OF FORM AND METHODS’ THIS MEANS THAT THE UK, IRELAND AND SWEDEN WILL LOSE THEIR ‘OPT-OUT’ CLAUSE EMPLOYED UNDER THE CPD PERIOD WHEN THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE CPR AND CPD ARE COMPARED, IT MAY BE SEEN THAT THE CPR HAS A NEW REQUIREMENT (NO 7 SUSTAINABLE USE OF 115 EXPERIMENTS ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY NATURAL RESOURCES), AND THAT NO 3 (HYGIENE, HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT) AND NO 4 (SAFETY AND ACCESSIBILITY IN USE) HAVE BEEN RE? NED THIS MEANS THAT COMMERCIALISATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN EUROPE BEYOND OUTLINE OF THE BOOK THIS BOOK COVERS SEVERAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CONSTRUC- TION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, INCLUDING CASES STUDIES OFFERING AN OVERVIEW OF MATERIALS IN THE WIDER CONTEXT OF ? NAL IN-USE THE ? RST PART ENCOMPASSES AN OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT ISSUES FOR LCA, ECO- LABELLING AND PROCUREMENT (CHAPTERS 2–9) CHAPTER 2 CONCERNS RESOURCE DEPLETION THE SCARCITY OF MINERALS IS ASSESSED IN A STATIC WAY THROUGH THE RESERVES TO PRODUCTION RATIO AS WELL AS BY A DYNAMICS VIEWPOINT THROUGH HUBBERT PEAK MODELS THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR ABIOTIC RESOURCE DEPLETION CHAPTER 3 COVERS LCA SOFTWARE TOOLS CHAPTER 4 ADDRESSES THE POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF LCA IT DESCRIBES THE METHODOLOGICAL OPTIONS THAT WILL POTENTIALLY IN? UENCE THE RESULTS FROM THE LCA CHAPTER 5 IS CONCERNED WITH LCA AND ECO-LABELS CHAPTER 6 DESCRIBES THE EU ECO-LABEL AND REVIEWS ITS HISTORY, GOALS AND STATISTICS CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO THE CRITERIA FOR OBTAINING A LABEL SPECIAL ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO THE ECO-LABEL ‘PRODUCT GROUPS’ WHICH ARE OF INTEREST TO THE CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS SECTOR: ? OOR COVERINGS (HARD, WOOD, TEXTILE), PAINTS AND VARNISHES CHAPTER 7 ANALYSES THE ECO-LABEL TYPE III: ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DE- CLARATION (EPD) WHICH IS REGULATED BY THE ISO 14025 THE METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EPD DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ARE DESCRIBED IMPORTANT EPD PROGRAMMES FROM AROUND THE WORLD ARE PROVIDED AS WELL AS DETAILS ON THE PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES (PCR) FOR CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS THREE CASE STUDIES OF EPDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ARE PRESENTED (CONCRETE, THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS AND WOOD BOARDS) CHAPTER 8 COVERS THE SHORTCOMINGS OF ECO-LABELLING CHAPTER 9 ADDRESSES GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT (GPP) WHICH INVOLVES THE INCORPORATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS DURING THE PROCUREMENT OF SERVICES AND PRODUCTS BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IT ANALYSES THE EXPANSION OF GPP INTO SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT (SPP), WHERE SOCIAL AND 115 EXPERIMENTS ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY