THE ELEMENTS OF SPECIFICATION WRITING: A TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 Practices 1 11 Project Manual Concept 1 12 Specifications Production 1 13 Profile of a Specifier 3 131 Educational Background 3 132 Beneficial Traits 3 133 Proficiency 4 14 Developing Specifications 4 141 Gathering Information 4 142 Product Selection Decisions 6 15 Specifications Organization and Preparation 8 151 Basic Procedural Decisions 8 152 Format 9 153 Method of Specifying 9 154 Specification Language 9 155 Preparing Specifications 10 156 Division 01—General Requirements 10 157 Section Title List 10 158 Coordinating with Consultants 11 16 Specifying Workmanship 11 17 Considerations during Development of Specifications 12 171 Economic Implications of Each Choice 12 172 Work Results Structure 13 173 Industry Conditions and Availability of Products 13 18 Specifying Quality Assurance and Quality Control 13 181 Quality Assurance in the Conditions of the Contract 14 182 Quality Control in the Conditions of the Contract 14 183 Division 01—General Requirements 15 184 Specifications 15 19 Preparing the Specifications 17 191 Writing/Editing Preparation 17 192 Specification Illustrations 18 110 Producing a Project Manual 18 111 Coordination of the Specifications 21 112 Preliminary Review and Coordination of the Project Manual 21 113 Final Preparation of the Project Manual 21 1131 Proofreading 21 1132 Table of Contents 22 1133 Reproduction and Distribution 22 114 Variations Required by Project Delivery Methods 22 1141 Document Variations for Design-Negotiate- Build Project Delivery Method 22 1142 Document Variations for Construction Management Project Delivery 24 1143 Document Variations for Design-Build Delivery Method 24 1144 Document Variations for Owner-Build Project Delivery Method 32 Chapter 2 Language 35 21 Specification Language 35 22 Writing Style 35 23 Vocabulary 35 24 Spelling 36 25 Sentence Structure 37 251 Imperative Mood 37 252 Indicative Mood 37 26 Abbreviations 37 27 Symbols 38 28 Numbers 38 29 Capitalization 39 210 Punctuation 40 211 Grammar 40 2111 Subject/Verb Agreement 40 2112 Parallel Construction 41 212 Inappropriate Terms 41 213 Pronoun Reference 42 214 Unnecessary Words 42 215 Prepositional Phrases 43 216 Streamlining 43 217 Specification Detail 43 Chapter 3 Methods 45 31 Methods of Specifying 46 311 Descriptive Specifications 46 3111 Preparing Descriptive Specifications 46 312 Performance Specifications 46 3121 Application of Performance Specifying 47 3122 Decision to Use Performance Specifying 48 313 Reference Standard Specifications 48 3131 Know the Standard 49 3132 Incorporate the Standard Properly 51 3133 Enforce the Requirements of the Standard 53 314 Proprietary Specifications 53 3141 Closed and Open Proprietary Specifications 53 3142 Selection of Proprietary Methods 56 3143 Nonrestrictive Specifications 57 Chapter 4 Formats 59 41 Introduction to Formats 59 42 Hierarchy of Formats 59 421 OmniClassTM 61 4211 Basis of Organization 61 4212 Applications 62 422 UniFormatTM 62 4221 Basic Organization 63 4222 Applications 64 423 MasterFormat ® 66 4231 Basic Organization 66 4232 Divisions 66 4233 Numbering 68 4234 Using MasterFormat ® 69 4235 Keyword Index 69 4236 Applications 69 4237 Specifications 69 4238 Data Filing 70 4239 Cost Classification 70 42310 Product Data 70 424 SectionFormatTM 70 4241 Basic Organization 70 4242 Parts 72 425 PageFormatTM 73 Chapter 5 Agreements 75 51 Construction Agreements 75 52 Project Delivery and Basis of Payment 75 53 Standard Agreement Format 77 54 Standard Agreement Forms 77 55 Inclusion of Agreement in Project Manual 80 Chapter 6 Conditions 81 61 Conditions of the Contract 81 62 General Conditions 82 621 AIA Documents 82 622 EJCDC Documents 83 623 DBIA Documents 83 624 Public Agency Documents 84 63 Common Articles 84 64 Supplementary Conditions 85 641 Preparation of Supplementary Conditions 86 65 Caution 86 Chapter 7 General Requirements 87 71 Division 01—General Requirements 87 72 Organizational Basis for Division 01 87 721 Division 01 and MasterFormat ® 87 722 Division 01 and SectionFormatTM 89 73 Division 01 Relation to Other Documents 91 731 Procurement Requirements 91 732 Owner-Contractor Agreement 92 733 General Conditions 92 734 Supplementary Conditions 92 735 Other Specification Sections 92 736 Drawings 95 74 Writing Division 01 Sections 95 741 Coordination with Division 01—General Requirements 96 75 Commonly Used Division 01 Sections 98 751 Section 01 10 00—Summary 99 752 Section 01 20 00—Price and Payment Procedures 99 753 Section 01 30 00—Administrative Requirements 100 754 Section 01 40 00—Quality Requirements 102 755 Section 01 50 00—Temporary Facilities and Controls 102 756 Section 01 60 00—Product Requirements 103 757 Section 01 70 00—Execution and Closeout Requirements 104 758 Section 01 80 00—Performance Requirements 104 759 Section 01 90 00—Life Cycle Activities 105 7510 Cautions 105 76 Specifying Allowances 105 761 Conditions of the Contract 106 762 Specifications 106 77 Specifying Alternates 107 78 Specifying Unit Prices 109 781 Conditions of the Contract 109 782 Specifications 109 Chapter 8 Coordinating Drawings and Specifications 113 81 Introduction to Coordinating Drawings and Specifications 113 811 Drawings 113 812 Specifications 114 813 Schedules 115 814 Coordination 115 8141 Preliminary Coordination 115 8142 Final Coordination 116 82 Terminology and Abbreviations 116 83 Precedence 117 84 Responsibility for Coordination 117 85 Using Checklists 117 Chapter 9 Modifications 119 91 Procurement and Contract Document Modifications 119 92 General Criteria 119 921 Narrative Method 120 922 Revised Page Method 120 93 Procurement Documents Modifications 121 931 Addenda 121 932 Purpose 121 933 Procedures 122 934 Addenda Format 123 935 Sample Addendum 123 94 Contract Documents Modifications 124 941 Purpose 125 942 Procedures 125 95 Methods of Modification—AIA Documents 125 951 Change Order 125 952 Change Directive 126 953 Minor Changes in the Work 126 96 Methods of Modification—EJCDC Documents 127 961 Change Order 127 962 Work Change Directive 127 963 Field Order 127 964 Written Interpretation or Clarification 128 97 Methods of Modification—DBIA Documents 128 971 Change Order 128 972 Work Change Directive 128 973 Minor Changes by Written Notice 128 98 Methods of Modification—Other 129 99 Change Orders 129 Chapter 10 Master Guide Specifications 131 101 Introduction to Master Guide Specifications 131 102 Contents of Master Guide Specifications 132 103 Reasons for Using a Master Guide Specification 132 104 Strategies for Developing and Organizing an Office Master Specification 134 1041 Master List of Section Numbers and Titles 134 1042 Standard Formats and Language 135 105 Preparing Master Guide Specification Sections 138 106 Commercially Available Master Guide Specifications 140 107 Updating Master Guide Specification Sections 141 108 Additional Considerations 141 1081 Electronic Technology 141 1082 Additional Information 142 1083 Sections on Demand 142 1084 Review Prior to Distribution 142 Chapter 11 Shortform Specifications 143 111 Introduction to Shortform Specifications 143 112 Concept of Shortform Specifications 143 113 Characteristics of Shortform Specifications 144 114 When to Use Shortform Specifications 145 115 Shortform Master Guide Specifications 146 1151 Establish a Specification Type 147 1152 Establish a Master Section List for the Project Type 147 1153 Develop a Standard Shortform SectionFormatTM and PageFormatTM 148 116 Writing Shortform Master Guide Specifications 150 1161 Establish Division 01 Requirements 150 1162 Update the Shortform Master Guide Specification Regularly 150 117 Shortform Project Specifications 150 118 Techniques for Converting Full-Length Master Guide Specifications to Shor t form 152 119 Commercially Available Shortform Master Guide Specifications 152 Chapter 12 Performance Specifying 153 121 Introduction to Performance Specifying 153 122 Construction Systems and Assemblies 153 123 Utilizing Nonstandard Technologies 153 124 Developing New Technology 154 125 Delegating Responsibilities 154 126 Roles of Participants 154 1261 Owner 154 1262 Architect/Engineer 155 1263 Construction Manager as Adviser 155 1264 Contractor 155 1265 Manufacturer 156 1266 Authorities Having Jurisdiction 156 127 Determining the Extent 156 128 Performance Specifying of Project Elements 156 129 Levels of Performance Specifying 157 1291 Establishing the Level of Performance Specifying 157 1292 Response to Performance Criteria 161 1293 Means of Evaluation 162 1210 Resources 162 1211 Drawings-Specifications Coordination 163 12111 Extent of Drawings 163 1212 Performance Specification Format 164 12121 PART 1—GENERAL 164 12122 PART 2—PRODUCTS 168 12123 PART 3—EXECUTION 169 Chapter 13 Specifying for Purchase of Goods 177 131 Introduction to Specifying for the Purchase of Goods 177 132 Use of Purchasing 178 133 Differences between Purchasing Contracts and Construction Contracts 180 134 Uniform Commercial Code 182 1341 Contract Enforceability and Formation 183 1342 Warranties 183 1343 Contract Interpretation 183 1344 Remedies 184 135 Format 184 1351 Procurement and Contracting Requirements 184 1352 Division 01—General Requirements 185 1353 Divisions 02 through 49 185 1354 Disposition of Goods 186 136 AIA Purchasing Documents 186 137 EJCDC Procurement Documents 187 1371 General Considerations 187 1372 Intended Use 188 1373 Definitions 188 Chapter 14 Federal Agencies 189 141 Specifying for Federal Agencies 189 142 Procurement and Contracting Requirements 189 143 Social Value Regulations 190 144 Use of Manufacturers’ Names 191 145 Reference Standards 191 146 Specification Items for Consideration during A/E Contract Fee Negotiation 192 147 Federal Government Agencies’ Construction Documents Policies 193 148 Federal Government Guide Specification Program 193 1481 Construction Criteria Base 193 1482 Obtaining Master Guide Specifications 195 149 Using Federal Government Master Guide Specifications 195 1491 Editing Master Guide Specifications 196 1410 The Review Process 197 14101 Review Comments 198 14102 Printing for the Review Process 198 1411 Regional Variations 198 Chapter 15 Warranties 201 151 Warranty Overview 201 1511 Definitions of Terms 201 152 Guaranties and Warranties 202 153 Construction Warranties 203 154 Terms and Conditions 203 155 Purpose 205 156 Benefits of Extended Warranties 205 157 Limitations and Exclusions 206 158 Remedies 209 159 Duration 210 1510 Purchasing Warranties 210 Chapter 16 Construction Bonds 213 161 Construction Bond Overview 213 162 Definitions 213 163 Purpose of Bonds 214 164 Rating of the Bonding Company 215 165 Obtaining Bond Information from the Owner 215 166 Advantages and Costs of Bonding 216 167 Bid Bond 216 168 Performance Bond 217 169 Payment Bond 218 1610 Bond Forms 218 Chapter 17 Construction Insurance 221 171 Construction Insurance Overview 221 172 Insurance for the Construction Contract 221 173 Liability Insurance 221 1731 Workers’ Compensation Insurance 223 1732 General Liability 223 1733 Automobile Insurance 225 1734 Owner’s Protective Liability 226 174 Property Insurance 226 1741 Builder’s Risk Insurance 226 1742 Boiler and Machinery Insurance 230 1743 Contractor’s General Property and Equipment Insurance 230 1744 Business Interruption Insurance 230 1745 Umbrella Excess Liability Insurance 231 1746 Subrogation 231 175 Comparison of Insurance Coverage 231 1751 The Additional Insured 233 176 Obtaining and Incorporating Information 233 177 Glossary of Insurance Terms 234 Chapter 18 Summary 239 References 241