RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES (RFERS) RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES (RFERS) INITIAL LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE THE EFFECTS OF THERMAL MOVEMENTS SCOPE OF CONTRIBUTION TO THE BEHAVIOR OF REFRS 1 4 1 CLOSED FORM EXPRESSIONS FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION OF RFERS 1 4 2 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 1 4 3 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CLASSICAL EARTH PRESSURE THEORY RELATED TO FRAMED STRUCTURES INTRODUCTION THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARTH PRESSURE THEORY 2 2 1 INADEQUACIES OF CLASSICAL SOLUTIONS 2 2 2 THE STIFFNESS OF THE RETAINING WALL THE CASE OF THE INTEGRAL BRIDGE ABUTMENT THE CASE OF RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 3 CLOSED-FORM EXPRESSIONS FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION OF RIGID FRAMES APPROXIMATE DRIFT ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS SIMPLIFIED EXPRESSION FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION OF RIGIDLY FRAMED STRUCTURES 3 3 1 DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION, ?S 3 3 2 DERIVATION OF EQUIVALENT AREA, AO 3 3 3 NUMERICAL PARAMETRIC MODELING TO CALIBRATE DERIVED EQUATIONS 3 3 4 CALIBRATION FACTORS FOR DERIVED EQUATIONS CONFIDENCE IN THE DERIVED EQUATIONS 3 4 1 WEIBULL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 3 4 2 CONFIDENCE IN THE DERIVED EQUATIONS EFFECT OF INPUT PARAMETERS ON EXPRESSION ACCURACY EXAMPLES 3 6 1 SYMMETRIC RIGIDLY FRAMED STRUCTURE SUBJECT TO UNIFORM LOADING 3 6 2 HIGH RISE BUILDING SUBJECT TO WIND LOAD 3 6 3 RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURE SUBJECT TO EARTH PRESSURE UNKNOWN EARTH PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS EARTH PRESSURE FROM A KNOWN DEFLECTION CASE OF IN-FILLED FRAMES 3 10 LIMITATIONS OF THE DEVELOPED EQUATIONS 3 11 CONCLUSIONS CASE STUDY OF A FULL SCALE RFERS IN SERVICE 4 1 1 MECHANISM OF FAILURE 4 1 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING PROGRAM INSTRUMENTATION 4 2 1 SELECTION OF INSTRUMENTS 4 2 2 INSTRUMENTATION DETAILS VIBRATING WIRE DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS (VW) ELECTROLYTIC TILTMETERS DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT 4 2 2 3 1 ATOMATIC DATA ACQUISITION 4 2 2 3 2 MANUAL DATA ACQUISITION 4 2 2 3 3 DATA MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTATION LIMITATIONS MONITORING RESULTS OF INSTRUMENTED RFERS 4 3 1 ELECTROLYTIC TILT SENSORS DATA ELECTROLYTIC TILT SENSORS ON LEVEL A ELECTROLYTIC TILT SENSORS ON LEVEL B ELECTROLYTIC TILT SENSORS ON LEVEL C ELECTROLYTIC TILT SENSORS ON LEVEL D 4 3 2 VIBRATING-WIRE DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS THERMAL STUDY OF STRUCTURE: SENSORS NORMAL TO EXPANSION JOINT 4 3 2 1 1 ANNUAL RANGE OF MOVEMENTS 4 3 2 1 2 SEASONAL BEHAVIOR SENSORS PARALLEL TO EXPANSION JOINT (NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION) 4 3 2 2 1 ROOF LEVEL SENSORS 4 3 2 2 2 LEVEL B SENSORS 4 4 CONCLUSIONS 5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND EARTH PRESSURE FOR RFERS BUILDING DESCRIPTION GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RETAINED SOIL INSTRUMENTATION PROGRAM APPARENT THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION OF PG-1 LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF BUILDING PARALLEL TO EARTH PRESSURE 5 6 1 MEASURED LATERAL DISPLACEMENT 5 6 2 BASELINE CORRECTION DUE TO THERMAL MOVEMENT OF PG-2 5 6 3 CORRECTION OF LATERAL DISPLACEMENT DUE TO THERMAL MOVEMENT OF PG-1 5 6 4 ACCURACY OF COMPUTED PG-1 MOVEMENTS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATERAL DEFLECTION AND EARTH PRESSURE EARTH PRESSURE CAUSING LATERAL DEFORMATION LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY 5 10 CONCLUSIONS NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF INSTRUMENTED RFERS THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL 6 2 1 THE STRUCTURAL FRAME 6 2 2 THE BACKFILL SOIL 6 2 3 THE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 6 3 1 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAME (PART 1) DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSIS PROCEDURE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS (PART 1) 6 3 2 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAME WITH MOHR-COULOMB BACKFILL (PART 2) NUMERICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS (PART 2) 6 3 3 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAME WITH HARDENING-SOIL BACKFILL (PART 3) NUMERICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS (PART 3) 6 3 4 COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS PARAMETRIC STUDY OF EARTH PRESSURE BEHIND RFERS AT BACKFILL STAGE PARAMETRIC NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 7 2 1 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS MODEL DETAILS 7 2 2 SINGLE STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES BACKFILL SOIL WITH 30º INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE EFFECT OF LATERAL FRAME STIFFNESS ON THE MOBILIZATIONS OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE EFFECT OF STAGED CONSTRUCTION CALCULATION ON THE MOBILIZATIONS OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE BACKFILL SOIL WITH 40º INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE 7 2 3 TWO-STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 7 2 4 THREE-STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 7 2 5 FOUR-STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 7 2 6 FIVE-STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 7 2 7 THE CASE OF FRAMES BRACED AGAINST LATERAL SWAY 7 2 8 ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE STORY 6-BAY SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE 7 2 9 ANALYSIS OF A TWO STORY 15-BAY SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE STORY RFERS SUBJECT TO TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS NUMERICAL PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF SINGLE STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 8 3 1 BACKFILL SOIL WITH 30º INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE SINGLE BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 1) SINGLE BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 4) SINGLE BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 20 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 1) SINGLE BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 20 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 4) 10-BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 1) 10-BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 4) 10-BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 20 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 1) 10-BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 20 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 4) 20-BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 1) 8 3 1 10 20-BAY FRAME (BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 4) MULTI-STORY RFERS SUBJECT TO TEMPERATURE VARIATION 9 2 1 THREE STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES FRAMES WITH BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, AND COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 1 FRAMES WITH BAY LENGTH, LB, 10 FEET, AND COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 4 FRAMES WITH BAY LENGTH, LB, 20 FEET, AND COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 1 FRAMES WITH BAY LENGTH, LB, 20 FEET, AND COLUMN TO BEAM STIFFNESS RATIO, SC/SB, OF 4 9 2 2 FIVE STORY RIGIDLY FRAMED EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES 9 3 CONCLUSIONS 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10 1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 10 1 1 INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING OF IN SERVICE RFERS 10 1 2 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF IN-SERVICE STRUCTURE 10 1 3 APPROXIMATE EXPRESSIONS FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION OF FRAMES 10 1 4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND EARTH PRESSURE 10 1 5 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF EARTH PRESSURE AT BACKFILL STAGE 10 1 6 THERMAL PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SINGLE STORY RFERS 10 1 7 THERMAL PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STORY RFERS 10 2 RECOMMENDATIONS 10 2 1 ANALYSIS OF RFERS AT THE INITIAL BACKFILL STAGE 10 2 1 1 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE STORY RFERS 10 2 1 2 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR MULTI-STORY RFERS 10 2 2 ANALYSIS OF RFERS SUBJECT TO TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS