GROUNDWATER AND SEEPAGE

By T. LITIY

CHAPTER 1 VALUES AND FUNCTIONS OF GROUNDWATER UNDER CITIES 1 11 Introduction 1 12 Functions, Consequences and Demands 2 13 Groundwater Flow and Flow Systems 8 14 Management 19 15 Management in Practice: Acity, Anywhere 23 16 Summary 28 CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN GROUNDWATER 29 21 The Development of Cities 29 22 Urban Infrastructure 43 23 How Cities Change Recharge 45 24 Pollution Problems 48 25 Conclusions 50 CHAPTER 3 SOURCES, TYPES, CHARACTERISTICS AND INVESTIGATION OF URBAN GROUNDWATER POLLUTANTS 53 31 Introduction 53 32 Sewage 54 33 Solid Waste 61 34 Industrial Liquid Wastes 71 35 Urban Stormwater 74 36 Hydrocarbons 77 37 Nutrients 89 38 Pesticides 93 39 Road de-Icing Salts 96 310 Investigation of Urban Groundwater Pollution 99 311 Investigation of NAPL Pollution 103 312 Conclusions 107 CHAPTER 4 MATURE INDUSTRIAL CITIES 109 41 Introduction 109 42 Background to Groundwater and Mature Industrial Cities 110 43 Urban Recharge 111 44 Management Problems with Urban Groundwater Quality 115 45 Conclusions and Future Strategies 130 CHAPTER 5 RAPIDLY-URBANISING ARID-ZONE CITIES 133 51 Introduction 133 52 Hydrogeological Setting of Cairo, Egypt 133 53 Groundwater Management Issues for Cairo 134 54 Introduction to Sana’a, Yemen 138 55 Hydrometerological Environment of Sana’a 139 56 Groundwater Resources for Sana’a 140 57 Water Supply for Sana’a 141 58 Groundwater Quality in Sana’a 144 59 Summary of the Issues for Sana’a 150 510 Conclusions 151 CHAPTER 6 URBAN AREAS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: WEATHERED CRYSTALLINE AQUIFER SYSTEMS 155 61 Introduction 155 62 Urbanisation in Sub-Saharan Africa 156 63 Urban Groundwater Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa 158 64 Hydrogeological Regimes 159 65 Groundwater Quality 167 66 Conclusions and the Future 177 67 Acknowledgements 179 CHAPTER 7 CITIES OVERLYING KARST AND KARST-LIKE AQUIFERS 181 71 Formation of Karst Environments 181 72 Hydrogeological Behaviour of Karst Aquifers 183 73 Groundwater Contamination in Karst and Karst-Like Aquifers 184 74 Assessment of Contamination in Karst and Karst-Like Aquifers 185 75 Groundwater Quality Protection Policies in Karst Environments 188 76 City Case Studies 189 77 Final Comments 203 CHAPTER 8 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN URBAN ALLUVIAL AQUIFER SYSTEMS: CASE STUDIES FROM THREE CONTINENTS: AGADIR, LIMA, AND LOS ANGELES 205 81 Introduction 205 82 Overview of Study Areas 206 83 Historical Groundwater Issues 209 84 Legal, Political, and Environmental Factors 212 85 Conceptual Representation of the Aquifer Systems 216 86 Current Groundwater Management Issues 219 87 Approaches For an Integrated Groundwater Management Strategy 221 88 Conclusions 223 CHAPTER 9 SHALLOW POROUS AQUIFERS IN MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES 225 91 Introduction 225 92 Beneficial Uses of Groundwater 230 93 Effect of Urban Development on Water Balance 231 94 Effect of Urban Development on Groundwater Quality 232 95 Management of Groundwater Resources 234 96 Groundwater as an Environmental Agent 235 97 Groundwater Protection 236 98 Groundwater Pollution Case Studies 236 99 The Way Forward 241 REFERENCES 245