A SHORT COURSE IN SOIL-STRUCTURE ENGINEERING OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS, EXCAVATIONS AND TUNNELS
Chapter 1 Ground origins: plate tectonics and the rock cycle 1 Plate tectonics: the unifying theory 1 Overview 1 The structure of the Earth 3 Plate tectonics 5 The rock cycle 17 Overview 17 Igneous rocks 18 Sedimentary rocks: the breakdown and transportation of rock material 20 Metamorphic rocks 22 Chapter 2 New ground: igneous rocks 24 Introduction 24 Origins of magma 25 Overview 25 What types of igneous rocks are there? 30 What geological structures do igneous rocks form? 32 What do igneous rocks look like? 32 How are igneous rocks named and classified in simple terms? 36 Extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks 36 Pyroclastic rocks 36 Geological classifications of igneous rocks 38 Colour and texture identification key for igneous rocks 40 Chapter 3 Deposited ground: sedimentary rocks 42 Overview 42 Weathering 42 Erosion 44 Sedimentary environments 51 Overview 51 Facies 52 Diagenesis 54 Classification of sedimentary rocks 55 Chapter 4 Changed ground: metamorphic rock 59 What is a metamorphic rock? 59 Metamorphic changes in rock 61 Types of metamorphism 64 Metamorphic facies 66 Classification and identification of metamorphic rocks 67 Foliated rocks 68 Non-foliated rocks 69 Classification overview 69 Chapter 5 Ground clock: stratigraphy and terminology 74 Introduction 74 The concept of geological time 74 What is stratigraphy? 76 Overview 76 Why stratigraphy is necessary? 77 The stratigraphic record (Press and Siever, 1998) 77 Fossils as timepieces (Press and Siever, 1998) 79 Unconformities: markers of missing time (Press and Siever, 1998) 80 Categories and hierarchy of stratigraphical units (Powell, 1998) 82 Lithostratigraphical nomenclature 84 Geological terminology in the UK 87 Source 87 Superficial deposits, bedrock and artificial ground 87 Chapter 6 Ground structure: maps, unconformity, faults and folds 90 Overview 90 Geological maps 91 What is a geological map? 91 How are geological maps made? 91 Why do civil engineers need to interpret geological maps? 94 Rules for geological map interpretation 95 Unconformity 101 Rock deformation 104 Overview 104 Introduction to faults 104 Introduction to joints 112 The geological character of joints 113 Introduction to folds 117 Chapter 7 Groundwater: flow, quality and protection 122 Overview 122 Source 122 What is groundwater? 122 Why is groundwater important? 126 Overview 126 Groundwater is vulnerable: case studies 126 How does water flow through soil and rock? 128 The aquifers of the UK 132 Confined and unconfined aquifers 134 Quality of groundwater 139 Aquifer vulnerability and protection 142 Chapter 8 Ground hazards: volcanoes, earthquakes and dissolution features 145 Introduction 145 Scale of hazards 145 Volcanoes 146 Overview 146 Volcano hazards 150 Earthquake hazards: geological and geotechnical aspects of earthquake engineering 155 Overview 155 What is an earthquake? 155 The big picture: earthquakes and plate tectonics 157 How are records of earthquake events made? 159 How is the energy released by fault movement propagated? 163 How is the size of an earthquake measured? 166 Earthquake induced hazards 182 Dissolution hazards in rock 196 Introduction 196 Hazards from collapsing and swelling soils 200 Overview 200 Collapsible soils 201 Expansive or swelling soils 203 Weathering during the life of a project 207 Landslide hazard 209 Slope instability 209 Gas hazards 215 Case study: the Abbeystead disaster, 1984 215 Submarine sediment slides (Dawson, 2000) 216 Chapter 9 Ground properties: rock strength and compressibility 219 Introduction 219 Rock properties and behaviour 220 Overview 220 Key terminology 220 Stiffness of rock masses 220 Interpretation of rock properties (Mayne et al, 2002) 222 Source 222 Introduction 222 Intact rock properties 226 Rock mass classification 237 Rock mass strength 244 Rock mass modulus 246 Foundation resistances 247 Additional rock mass parameters 251