EXCAVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS IN SOFT SOILS
1 1 GENERAL 1 2 SAFETY REGULATIONS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 1 2 1 THE ULTIMATE AND SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES 1 2 2 TOTAL SAFETY CONCEPT 1 2 3 PARTIAL SAFETY CONCEPT AND THE GERMAN CODE 1 2 4 EUROPEAN CODE OF STANDARD 1 2 5 COMPARISON BETWEEN EUROCODE EC 7-1 AND GERMAN CODE DIN 1054 2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT SOILS 2 1 GENERAL 2 2 SAMPLING 2 3 BASIC INDEX PROPERTIES 2 4 COMPRESSION PROPERTIES 2 4 1 GENERAL 2 4 2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION 2 4 3 TWO AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION 2 5 STRENGTH PROPERTIES 2 5 1 GENERAL 2 5 2 TOTAL AND EFFECTIVE STRESS ANALYSIS 2 5 3 UNDRAINED STRENGTH 2 5 4 DRAINED STRENGTH 2 6 DEFORMATION PROPERTIES 2 6 1 GENERAL 2 6 2 DRAINED AND UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR 2 6 3 EFFECT OF DEPTH ON MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 2 6 4 EFFECT OF ANISOTROPY ON MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 2 6 5 CONSTRAINED MODULUS FROM ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION 2 6 6 UNLOADING/RELOADING MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 3 CONSTITUTIVE SOIL MODELS AND SOIL PARAMETERS 3 1 CONSTITUTIVE SOIL MODELS 3 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1 2 LINEAR ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN LAW 3 1 3 NON-LINEAR ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN LAW 3 1 4 VARIABLE ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN LAW 3 1 5 ELASTO-PLASTIC STRESS-STRAIN LAW 3 1 6 ELASTO-VISCO-PLASTICITY 3 1 7 HYPOPLASTICITY 3 1 8 CAP MODELS 3 1 9 THE CONSTITUTIVE SOIL MODELS USED IN PLAXIS FE-PROGRAM 3 1 10 REQUIREMENT FOR CONSTITUTIVE SOIL MODELS - EXAMPLE EXCAVATION 3 1 10 CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS FOR INTERFACE ELEMENTS 3 2 DERIVATION OF SOIL PARAMETERS FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 3 2 1 GENERAL 3 2 2 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSION PARAMETERS 3 2 3 DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH PARAMETERS 3 2 4 DEFORMATION PARAMETERS UNDER DEVIATORIC LOADING CONDITION 3 2 5 CONTACT BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN WALL MATERIAL AND SOFT SOIL 3 3 CALIBRATION OF SOIL PARAMETERS 3 3 1 DRAINED TEST BEHAVIOUR 3 3 2 UNDRAINED TEST BEHAVIOUR 4 SUPPORTED EXCAVATIONS IN SOFT SOIL DEPOSITS 4 1 GENERAL 4 2 UNSUPPORTED EXCAVATIONS 4 3 EXCAVATION RETAINING SYSTEMS IN SOFT SOILS 4 3 1 TYPE OF WALL 4 3 2 TYPE OF WALL SUPPORT 4 3 3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RETAINING STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO EAB 4 4 BEHAVIOUR OF EXCAVATIONS 4 4 1 GENERAL 4 4 2 EARTH PRESSURE, REACTION AND SECTION FORCES 4 4 3 MOVEMENTS IN AND AROUND AN EXCAVATION 4 4 4 EXCAVATION STABILITY IN SOFT SOILS 4 5 EXECUTION OF EXCAVATIONS 4 6 SAFETY FACTOR IN DESIGN OF RETAINING STRUCTURES 4 7 DRAINED/UNDRAINED ANALYSIS OF EXCAVATION 4 7 1 GENERAL 4 7 2 IS DRAINED OR UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR MOST CRITICAL FOR DESIGN OF SUPPORTED EXCAVATIONS? 4 7 3 THE TIME LIMIT FOR UNDRAINED AND DRAINED CONDITION 4 7 4 DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH PRESSURE IN SHORT TERM USING THE EFFECTIVE STRENGTH AND THE PORE PRESSURE PARAMETERS 4 7 5 EARTH PRESSURE IN SHORT TERM USING THE UNDRAINED STRENGTH 4 7 6 COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES 4 8 STRESS PATHS IN EXCAVATIONS 4 9 SOME REVIEWS OF FE-ANALYSIS OF EXCAVATIONS 4 9 1 GENERAL 4 9 2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF EXCAVATIONS 4 10 PARAMETER STUDY 4 10 1 GENERAL 4 10 2 SYSTEM GEOMETRY 4 10 3 SENSITIVITY STUDY OF THE HARDENING SOIL MODEL PARAMETERS 4 10 4 EFFECT OF BERMS ON DEFORMATION OF EXCAVATIONS 4 10 5 EFFECT OF THE BOTTOM SUPPORT 4 10 6 COMPARISON OF DRAINED AND UNDRAINED ANALYSIS 4 10 7 MOBILIZATION OF THE PASSIVE RESISTANCE OF A COHESIVE SOIL 4 11 GERMAN RECOMMENDATION FOR EXCAVATION IN SOFT SOILS 4 11 1 GENERAL 4 11 2 THE SHEAR STRENGTH AND THE COEFFICIENT OF EARTH PRESSURE AT REST 4 11 3 EARTH PRESSURES AND REACTIONS 4 11 4 WATER PRESSURE 4 11 5 EMBEDMENT DEPTH AND SECTION FORCES 4 11 6 BASAL FAILURE 4 11 7 DRAINAGE MEASURES IN EXCAVATION 4 12 CASE HISTORIES 4 12 1 GENERAL 4 12 2 PROJECT-I: DAMGASSE - CONSTANCE 4 12 3 PROJECT-II: MARKGRAFENSTRASSE - CONSTANCE 4 12 4 PROJECT-III: SEEUFERHAUS – CONSTANCE 4 12 5 PROJECT-IV: SEEARKADEN STARNBERG 4 12 6 PROJECT-V: KARSTADT BUILDING IN ROSENHEIM 5 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ON SOFT SOILS 5 1 GENERAL 5 2 HISTORICAL FOUNDATION ON SOFT SOIL DEPOSITS 5 3 TYPE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 5 4 SETTLEMENT CALCULATIONS – THE SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE 5 4 1 SOFT SOILS DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR AND CALCULATION METHODS 5 4 2 STRESSES AND SETTLEMENTS DUE TO EXTERNAL LOAD 5 4 3 TIME SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOUR, MAGNITUDE AND COMPONENTS OF SETTLEMENTS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 5 4 4 ALLOWABLE SETTLEMENTS, TILTS AND ANGULAR DISTORTIONS 5 5 CASE HISTORIES OF BUILDINGS ON RAFT FOUNDATIONS 5 5 1 GENERAL 5 5 2 SOIL CONDITION 5 5 3 REVIEW OF SETTLEMENT OBSERVATIONS 5 5 4 SUMMARY OF THE BACK ANALYSES RESULTS 5 5 5 EFFECT OF LOAD INCREMENT AND RATE ON SETTLEMENT PREDICTION 5 6 TWO CASE HISTORIES WITH EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENTS 5 6 1 GENERAL 5 6 2 CASE A: OFFICE BUILDING 5 6 3 CASE B: STORAGE TANKS 5 6 4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 5 7 CASE HISTORY OF AN EMBANKMENT 5 8 CASE HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT DUE TO SHRINKAGE 5 9 SAFETY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 5 10 DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATION 5 10 1 GENERAL 5 10 2 PARAMETER STUDY 5 10 3 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS USING THE FEM 5 10 4 VERIFICATION OF THE MODIFIED SUBGRADE REACTION METHOD ON SELECTIVE PROJECTS 5 10 5 EFFECT OF CREEP OF THE SOIL ON FLEXURAL STRESS OF A PLATE 5 11 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6 PILE FOUNDATION 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 PILE TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS 6 2 1 SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE PILE TYPE 6 2 2 DISPLACEMENT PILES 6 2 3 BORED PILES 6 2 4 MICROPILES 6 3 PILE BEARING BEHAVIOUR 6 4 AXIAL PILE RESISTANCE 6 4 1 GENERAL 6 4 2 PILE RESISTANCE FROM STATIC LOAD TESTS 6 4 3 DYNAMIC PILE TESTING 6 4 4 PILE RESISTANCE AGAINST HORIZONTAL LOADINGS 6 4 5 DETERMINATION OF PILE RESISTANCE 6 4 6 CHANGE OF THE BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES WITH TIME 6 5 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION 6 5 1 GENERAL 6 5 2 NEUTRAL POINT 6 5 3 ACTIONS ARISING FROM NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION 6 6 LATERAL LOADS AND SETTLEMENT BENDING 6 8 SPECIAL PILE FOUNDATIONS IN DEEP SOFT SOIL DEPOSITS 6 9 RAFT FOUNDATION ON FLOATING INJECTION PILES (RFIP) 6 10 CASE HISTORIES ON RFIP-FOUNDATION SYSTEM 6 10 1 GENERAL 6 10 2 PROJECT I (RFIP-FOUNDATION SYSTEM) 6 10 3 PROJECT II (RFIP) 6 10 4 PROJECT III (FLOATING DISPLACEMENT PILES) 6 10 5 PROJECT IV (EXCAVATION AND OLD BUILDING STABILISATION WITH RFIP) 6 10 6 SUMMARY 7 SOIL STABILISATION WITH COLUMN-LIKE ELEMENTS 7 1 GENERAL 7 2 REINFORCED EMBANKMENTS ON PILE-LIKE ELEMENTS 7 2 1 GENERAL 7 2 2 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM 7 3 STONE COLUMNS AND SAND COMPACTION PILES 7 3 1 GENERAL 7 3 2 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 7 4 GEOTEXTILE ENCASED SAND/GRAVEL COLUMNS (GEC) 7 4 1 GENERAL 7 4 2 INSTALLATION METHOD 7 4 2 THE BEARING SYSTEM OF THE GEC 7 4 3 THE ANALYTICAL CALCULATION APPROACH 7 5 CSV METHOD 7 5 1 GENERAL 7 5 2 THE METHOD OF INSTALLATION 7 5 3 THE BEARING SYSTEM 7 5 4 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 7 6 DEEP MIXING METHOD (DMM) 7 6 1 INTRODUCTION 7 6 2 DRY DEEP MIXING METHOD 7 6 3 WET DEEP MIXING METHOD 7 6 4 JET PILE METHOD 7 7 UNREINFORCED PILE LIKE ELEMENTS 7 7 1 GROUTED STONE/GRAVEL COLUMN 7 7 2 READY-MIXED MORTAR COLUMNS 7 7 3 UNREINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS 7 8 DISPLACEMENT AND BORED PILES 7 9 CASE HISTORIES 7 9 1 MUEHLENBERGER LOCH - GEOTEXTILE-ENCASED SAND COLUMNS (GEC) 7 9 2 HAMBURG–BERLIN RAILWAY LINE: REINFORCED EMBANKMENT ON PILE LIKE ELEMENTS 7 9 3 CITY ROAD TRASA ZIELONA IN LUBLIN-POLEN: WET DEEP SOIL MIXING 7 9 4 A MULTISTORY BUILDING ON WET DEEP MIXING COLUMNS 7 9 5 PAD AND STRIP FOUNDATIONS ON WET DEEP MIXING COLUMNS 7 9 6 HIGHWAY BRIDGES SUPPORTED ON WET DEEP MIXING COLUMNS 7 9 7 RESTORATION OF AN OFFSHORE RETAINING WALL WITH CSV-COLUMNS 7 9 8 STABILISATION OF 5-STOREY BUILDING FOUNDATION AND UNDERGROUND PARKING WITH CSV-COLUMNS REFERENCES