CEMENT STRENGTH EXPERIMENTS
1 INTRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT INTRODUCTION, CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS, PORTLAND CEMENT, HISTORICAL ASPECTS, COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT, NOMENCLATURE, HIGH-TEMPERATURE PHASE EQUILIBRIA, COMPOUND COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT, POLYMORPHISM AND SOLID SOLUTION IN CLINKER COMPOUNDS, TRICALCIUM SILICATE (ALITE), DICALCIUM SILICATE (BELITE), TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE, CALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITE: THE FERRITE PHASE, MINOR CLINKER COMPOUNDS, 2 RAW MATERIALS RAW MATERIALS, CALCAREOUS COMPONENT, ARGILLACEOUS COMPONENT, MULTICOMPONENT MIXES, GYPSUM, COAL ASH, PROPORTIONING OF RAW MATERIALS, CALCULATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF A KILN FEED, REACTIVITY OF THE RAW MATERIALS, MODEL FOR COMBINABILITY, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW MATERIALS, GRINDABILITY, 3 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CLINKER PREPARATION OF KILN FEED, WET AND SEMI-WET PROCESSES, DRY AND SEMI-DRY PROCESSES, PYROPROCESSING: PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, DRY PROCESSES, SEMI-DRY (LEPOL) PROCESS, CLINKER COOLING, REFRACTORIES, PYROPROCESSING: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED, PREHEATING, CALCINING, CLINKERING (SINTERING IN THE PRESENCE OF A LIQUID PHASE), COOLING, THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF PYROPROCESSING, PROCESS CONTROL, THE HEAT BALANCE — PROCESS EFFICIENCY, ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION, 4 CHARACTERISATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BY SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION, OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CLINKER PHASES, ALITE (C3S — DENSITY 3150 KG/M3), BELITE (C2S — DENSITY 3280 KG/M3), INTERSTITIAL PHASES, MINOR PHASES, QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PHASE COMPOSITION, X-RAY DIFFRACTION, QUANTITATIVE X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS (QXDA), ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, BACKSCATTERED ELECTRON (BSE) IMAGING, X-RAY MICROANALYSIS, CONCLUDING REMARKS, 5 GRINDING AND FINENESS OF CEMENT CEMENT MILLING, FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GRINDABILITY OF CLINKER, MINOR ADDITIONAL CONSTITUENTS, ADDITION OF GYPSUM, FINENESS OF CEMENT, DETERMINATION OF SURFACE AREA, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, 6 TESTS OF CEMENT QUALITY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, SETTING TIMES, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, WORKABILITY, SOUNDNESS, HEAT OF HYDRATION, CONCLUDING REMARKS — DURABILITY OF CONCRETE, 7 THE HYDRATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT GENERAL INTRODUCTION, METHODS OF INVESTIGATING THE KINETICS OF CEMENT HYDRATION, HYDRATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL PHASES IN PORTLAND CEMENT, TRICALCIUM SILICATE, KINETICS OF TRICALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATION, ORIGIN OF THE DORMANT (INDUCTION) PERIOD, DICALCIUM SILICATE, CALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITE, HYDRATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT, HYDRATION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, DELAYED (SECONDARY) ETTRINGITE FORMATION, 8 THE NATURE OF HARDENED CEMENT PASTE MICROSTRUCTURE OF HARDENED CEMENT PASTE (HCP), SURFACE AREA AND POROSITY OF HARDENED CEMENT PASTE, SURFACE AREA, POROSITY, PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CEMENT PASTE, PERMEABILITY, ELASTIC AND INELASTIC PROPERTIES, DRYING SHRINKAGE, NATURE OF THE SOLID–SOLID BOND IN HARDENED CEMENT PASTE, MODELLING MICROSTRUCTURE–PHYSICAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT IN HYDRATING HCP, 9 PORTLAND CEMENTS AND RELATED BLENDED CEMENTS TYPE I AND RELATED PORTLAND CEMENTS, CEMENTS COVERED BY BS 12: 1996, SULFATE-RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT (SRPC), SULFATE ATTACK, SULFATE-RESISTING PORTLAND CEMENT, CEMENTS WITH ADDITIONAL MINERAL CONSTITUENTS, POZZOLANIC MATERIALS, NATURE OF THE POZZOLANIC REACTION, FLY ASH (PULVERISED FUEL ASH), COMPOSITION, HYDRATION, NATURAL AND RELATED POZZOLANAS, SILICA FUME (MICROSILICA), BLASTFURNACE SLAG AND BLASTFURNACE SLAG CEMENTS, PROBLEMS OF SPECIFICATION OF BLENDED CEMENTS, SULFATE-RESISTANCE OF BLENDED CEMENTS, INFLUENCE OF MINERAL ADDITIONS IN BLENDED CEMENTS ON THE ALKALI-SILICA REACTION, 10 ADMIXTURES AND SPECIAL CEMENTS ADMIXTURES, ACCELERATORS, RETARDERS, WATER-REDUCING (PLASTICISING) ADMIXTURES, AIR ENTRAINMENT, OILWELL CEMENTS, CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENT (CAC), ALKALI-ACTIVATED SLAG AND ALUMINOSILICATE CEMENTS, CALCIUM SULFOALUMINATE CEMENTS, EXPANSIVE AND SHRINKAGE COMPENSATED CEMENTS, SULFOALUMINATE-BELITE CEMENTS, PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS,