INSTRUMENTATION FOR GROUND VIBRATION AND EARTHQUAKES
CONTENTS PART 1: PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT UNITS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM APPLICATIONS ELEMENTS OF A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM CHOOSING APPROPRIATE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENT TYPES AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS REVIEW OF INSTRUMENT TYPES ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INSTRUMENTS NULL-TYPE AND DE?ECTION-TYPE INSTRUMENTS ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS INDICATING INSTRUMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS WITH A SIGNAL OUTPUT SMART AND NON-SMART INSTRUMENTS STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS ACCURACY AND INACCURACY (MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY) PRECISION/REPEATABILITY/REPRODUCIBILITY TOLERANCE RANGE OR SPAN LINEARITY SENSITIVITY OF MEASUREMENT THRESHOLD RESOLUTION SENSITIVITY TO DISTURBANCE HYSTERESIS EFFECTS DEAD SPACE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS ZERO ORDER INSTRUMENT FIRST ORDER INSTRUMENT SECOND ORDER INSTRUMENT NECESSITY FOR CALIBRATION SELF-TEST QUESTIONS ERRORS DURING THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS INTRODUCTION SOURCES OF SYSTEMATIC ERROR SYSTEM DISTURBANCE DUE TO MEASUREMENT ERRORS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS WEAR IN INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS CONNECTING LEADS REDUCTION OF SYSTEMATIC ERRORS CAREFUL INSTRUMENT DESIGN METHOD OF OPPOSING INPUTS HIGH-GAIN FEEDBACK CALIBRATION MANUAL CORRECTION OF OUTPUT READING INTELLIGENT INSTRUMENTS QUANTI?CATION OF SYSTEMATIC ERRORS RANDOM ERRORS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENTS SUBJECT TO RANDOM ERRORS GRAPHICAL DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES – FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AGGREGATION OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ERRORS COMBINED EFFECT OF SYSTEMATIC AND RANDOM ERRORS AGGREGATION OF ERRORS FROM SEPARATE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM COMPONENTS TOTAL ERROR WHEN COMBINING MULTIPLE MEASUREMENTS REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING CALIBRATION OF MEASURING SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTS PRINCIPLES OF CALIBRATION CONTROL OF CALIBRATION ENVIRONMENT CALIBRATION CHAIN AND TRACEABILITY CALIBRATION RECORDS MEASUREMENT NOISE AND SIGNAL PROCESSING SOURCES OF MEASUREMENT NOISE INDUCTIVE COUPLING CAPACITIVE (ELECTROSTATIC) COUPLING NOISE DUE TO MULTIPLE EARTHS NOISE IN THE FORM OF VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS THERMOELECTRIC POTENTIALS SHOT NOISE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING MEASUREMENT NOISE LOCATION AND DESIGN OF SIGNAL WIRES EARTHING SHIELDING OTHER TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL PROCESSING ANALOGUE SIGNAL ?LTERING PASSIVE ANALOGUE ?LTERS ACTIVE ANALOGUE ?LTERS OTHER ANALOGUE SIGNAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS SIGNAL AMPLI?CATION SIGNAL ATTENUATION DIFFERENTIAL AMPLI?CATION SIGNAL LINEARIZATION BIAS (ZERO DRIFT) REMOVAL SIGNAL INTEGRATION VOLTAGE FOLLOWER (PRE-AMPLI?ER) VOLTAGE COMPARATOR PHASE-SENSITIVE DETECTOR LOCK-IN AMPLI?ER SIGNAL ADDITION SIGNAL MULTIPLICATION DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SIGNAL SAMPLING SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE (D/A) CONVERSION DIGITAL ?LTERING AUTOCORRELATION OTHER DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS ELECTRICAL INDICATING AND TEST INSTRUMENTS DIGITAL METERS VOLTAGE-TO-TIME CONVERSION DIGITAL VOLTMETER POTENTIOMETRIC DIGITAL VOLTMETER DUAL-SLOPE INTEGRATION DIGITAL VOLTMETER VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSION DIGITAL VOLTMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER ANALOGUE METERS MOVING-COIL METERS MOVING-IRON METER ELECTRODYNAMIC METERS CLAMP-ON METERS ANALOGUE MULTIMETER MEASURING HIGH-FREQUENCY SIGNALS THERMOCOUPLE METER ELECTRONIC ANALOGUE VOLTMETERS CALCULATION OF METER OUTPUTS FOR NON-STANDARD WAVEFORMS CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE CATHODE RAY TUBE CHANNEL SINGLE-ENDED INPUT DIFFERENTIAL INPUT TIMEBASE CIRCUIT VERTICAL SENSITIVITY CONTROL DISPLAY POSITION CONTROL DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPES VARIABLE CONVERSION ELEMENTS BRIDGE CIRCUITS NULL-TYPE, D C BRIDGE (WHEATSTONE BRIDGE) DE?ECTION-TYPE D C BRIDGE ERROR ANALYSIS A C BRIDGES RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT D C BRIDGE CIRCUIT VOLTMETER–AMMETER METHOD RESISTANCE-SUBSTITUTION METHOD USE OF THE DIGITAL VOLTMETER TO MEASURE RESISTANCE THE OHMMETER CODES FOR RESISTOR VALUES INDUCTANCE MEASUREMENT CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT ALPHANUMERIC CODES FOR CAPACITOR VALUES CURRENT MEASUREMENT FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT DIGITAL COUNTER-TIMERS PHASE-LOCKED LOOP THE WIEN BRIDGE PHASE MEASUREMENT ELECTRONIC COUNTER-TIMER X–Y PLOTTER OSCILLOSCOPE SIGNAL TRANSMISSION ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION AS VARYING VOLTAGES CURRENT LOOP TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION USING AN A C CARRIER PNEUMATIC TRANSMISSION FIBRE-OPTIC TRANSMISSION PRINCIPLES OF ?BRE OPTICS TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS MULTIPLEXING SCHEMES OPTICAL WIRELESS TELEMETRY RADIO TELEMETRY (RADIO WIRELESS TRANSMISSION) DIGITAL TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS DIGITAL COMPUTATION AND INTELLIGENT DEVICES PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMPUTATION ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER COMPUTER OPERATION INTERFACING PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ADDING COMPUTERS TO MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS INTELLIGENT DEVICES SMART SENSORS SMART TRANSMITTERS COMMUNICATION WITH INTELLIGENT DEVICES COMPUTATION IN INTELLIGENT DEVICES FUTURE TRENDS IN INTELLIGENT DEVICES INSTRUMENTATION/COMPUTER NETWORKS SERIAL COMMUNICATION LINES ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION PARALLEL DATA BUS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS) STAR NETWORKS RING AND BUS NETWORKS GATEWAYS HART DIGITAL ?ELDBUSES COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR VERY LARGE SYSTEMS PROTOCOL STANDARDIZATION FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORKS DISPLAY, RECORDING AND PRESENTATION OF MEASUREMENT DATA DISPLAY OF MEASUREMENT SIGNALS ELECTRONIC OUTPUT DISPLAYS COMPUTER MONITOR DISPLAYS RECORDING OF MEASUREMENT DATA MECHANICAL CHART RECORDERS ULTRA-VIOLET RECORDERS FIBRE-OPTIC RECORDERS (RECORDING OSCILLOSCOPES) HYBRID CHART RECORDERS MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDERS DIGITAL RECORDERS STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPES PRESENTATION OF DATA TABULAR DATA PRESENTATION GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA MEASUREMENT RELIABILITY AND SAFETY SYSTEMS RELIABILITY PRINCIPLES OF RELIABILITY LAWS OF RELIABILITY IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS IMPROVING MEASUREMENT SYSTEM RELIABILITY SOFTWARE RELIABILITY SAFETY SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY SYSTEMS OPERATION OF SAFETY SYSTEMS DESIGN OF A SAFETY SYSTEM PART 2: MEASUREMENT SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTS SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES CAPACITIVE AND RESISTIVE SENSORS MAGNETIC SENSORS HALL-EFFECT SENSORS PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS STRAIN GAUGES PIEZORESISTIVE SENSORS OPTICAL SENSORS (AIR PATH) OPTICAL SENSORS (?BRE-OPTIC) INTRINSIC SENSORS EXTRINSIC SENSORS DISTRIBUTED SENSORS ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS TRANSMISSION SPEED DIRECTION OF TRAVEL OF ULTRASOUND WAVES DIRECTIONALITY OF ULTRASOUND WAVES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY AND DIRECTIONALITY OF ULTRASOUND WAVES ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND WAVES ULTRASOUND AS A RANGE SENSOR USE OF ULTRASOUND IN TRACKING 3D OBJECT MOTION EFFECT OF NOISE IN ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS EXPLOITING DOPPLER SHIFT IN ULTRASOUND TRANSMISSION ULTRASONIC IMAGING NUCLEAR SENSORS MICROSENSORS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT SENSORS (THERMOCOUPLES) THERMOCOUPLE TABLES NON-ZERO REFERENCE JUNCTION TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE TYPES THERMOCOUPLE PROTECTION THERMOCOUPLE MANUFACTURE THE THERMOPILE DIGITAL THERMOMETER THE CONTINUOUS THERMOCOUPLE VARYING RESISTANCE DEVICES RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS (RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DEVICES) THERMISTORS SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES RADIATION THERMOMETERS OPTICAL PYROMETERS RADIATION PYROMETERS THERMOGRAPHY (THERMAL IMAGING) THERMAL EXPANSION METHODS LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS BIMETALLIC THERMOMETER PRESSURE THERMOMETERS QUARTZ THERMOMETERS FIBRE-OPTIC TEMPERATURE SENSORS ACOUSTIC THERMOMETERS COLOUR INDICATORS CHANGE OF STATE OF MATERIALS INTELLIGENT TEMPERATURE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS CHOICE BETWEEN TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DIAPHRAGMS CAPACITIVE PRESSURE SENSOR FIBRE-OPTIC PRESSURE SENSORS BELLOWS BOURDON TUBE MANOMETERS RESONANT-WIRE DEVICES DEAD-WEIGHT GAUGE SPECIAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES FOR LOW PRESSURES HIGH-PRESSURE MEASUREMENT (GREATER THAN 7000 BAR) INTELLIGENT PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS SELECTION OF PRESSURE SENSORS FLOW MEASUREMENT MASS ?OW RATE CONVEYOR-BASED METHODS CORIOLIS ?OWMETER THERMAL MASS ?OW MEASUREMENT JOINT MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME ?OW RATE AND ?UID DENSITY VOLUME ?OW RATE DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (OBSTRUCTION-TYPE) METERS VARIABLE AREA ?OWMETERS (ROTAMETERS) POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT ?OWMETERS TURBINE METERS ELECTROMAGNETIC ?OWMETERS VORTEX-SHEDDING ?OWMETERS ULTRASONIC ?OWMETERS OTHER TYPES OF ?OWMETER FOR MEASURING VOLUME ?OW RATE INTELLIGENT ?OWMETERS CHOICE BETWEEN ?OWMETERS FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS LEVEL MEASUREMENT DIPSTICKS FLOAT SYSTEMS PRESSURE-MEASURING DEVICES (HYDROSTATIC SYSTEMS) CAPACITIVE DEVICES ULTRASONIC LEVEL GAUGE RADAR (MICROWAVE) METHODS RADIATION METHODS VIBRATING LEVEL SENSOR HOT-WIRE ELEMENTS/CARBON RESISTOR ELEMENTS LASER METHODS FIBRE-OPTIC LEVEL SENSORS THERMOGRAPHY INTELLIGENT LEVEL-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS CHOICE BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVEL SENSORS MASS, FORCE AND TORQUE MEASUREMENT MASS (WEIGHT) MEASUREMENT ELECTRONIC LOAD CELL (ELECTRONIC BALANCE) PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC LOAD CELLS INTELLIGENT LOAD CELLS MASS-BALANCE (WEIGHING) INSTRUMENTS SPRING BALANCE FORCE MEASUREMENT USE OF ACCELEROMETERS VIBRATING WIRE SENSOR TORQUE MEASUREMENT REACTION FORCES IN SHAFT BEARINGS PRONY BRAKE MEASUREMENT OF INDUCED STRAIN OPTICAL TORQUE MEASUREMENT TRANSLATIONAL MOTION TRANSDUCERS DISPLACEMENT THE RESISTIVE POTENTIOMETER LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT) VARIABLE CAPACITANCE TRANSDUCERS VARIABLE INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCERS NOZZLE ?APPER OTHER METHODS OF MEASURING SMALL DISPLACEMENTS MEASUREMENT OF LARGE DISPLACEMENTS (RANGE SENSORS) PROXIMITY SENSORS SELECTION OF TRANSLATIONAL MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCERS VELOCITY DIFFERENTIATION OF DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS INTEGRATION OF THE OUTPUT OF AN ACCELEROMETER CONVERSION TO ROTATIONAL VELOCITY ACCELERATION SELECTION OF ACCELEROMETERS VIBRATION NATURE OF VIBRATION VIBRATION MEASUREMENT SHOCK ROTATIONAL MOTION TRANSDUCERS ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT CIRCULAR AND HELICAL POTENTIOMETERS ROTATIONAL DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER INCREMENTAL SHAFT ENCODERS CODED-DISC SHAFT ENCODERS THE RESOLVER THE SYNCHRO THE INDUCTION POTENTIOMETER THE ROTARY INDUCTOSYN GYROSCOPES CHOICE BETWEEN ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS ROTATIONAL VELOCITY DIGITAL TACHOMETERS STROBOSCOPIC METHODS ANALOGUE TACHOMETERS MECHANICAL ?YBALL THE RATE GYROSCOPE FIBRE-OPTIC GYROSCOPE DIFFERENTIATION OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS INTEGRATION OF THE OUTPUT FROM AN ACCELEROMETER CHOICE BETWEEN ROTATIONAL VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS MEASUREMENT OF ROTATIONAL ACCELERATION SUMMARY OF OTHER MEASUREMENTS DIMENSION MEASUREMENT RULES AND TAPES CALLIPERS MICROMETERS GAUGE BLOCKS (SLIP GAUGES) AND LENGTH BARS HEIGHT AND DEPTH MEASUREMENT ANGLE MEASUREMENT FLATNESS MEASUREMENT VOLUME MEASUREMENT VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT CAPILLARY AND TUBE VISCOMETERS FALLING BODY VISCOMETER ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS MOISTURE MEASUREMENT INDUSTRIAL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MOISTURE MEASUREMENT HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT SOUND MEASUREMENT PH MEASUREMENT THE GLASS ELECTRODE OTHER METHODS OF PH MEASUREMENT GAS SENSING AND ANALYSIS CATALYTIC (CALORIMETRIC) SENSORS PAPER TAPE SENSORS LIQUID ELECTROLYTE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS SOLID-STATE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS (ZIRCONIA SENSOR) CATALYTIC GATE FETS SEMICONDUCTOR (METAL OXIDE) SENSORS ORGANIC SENSORS PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES INFRA-RED ABSORPTION MASS SPECTROMETERS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY