BASIC WATER TREATMENT
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION THE 411 ON MATHEMATICS MATH TERMINOLOGY AND DE?NITIONS CALCULATION STEPS CALCULATORS DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS CHAPTER BASIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT, CONVERSIONS SETTING THE STAGE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CONVERSION FACTORS WEIGHT, CONCENTRATION, AND FLOW CONVERSIONS TYPICAL WATER/WASTEWATER CONVERSION EXAMPLES TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS POPULATION EQUIVALENT (PE) OR UNIT LOADING FACTOR SPECI?C GRAVITY AND DENSITY FLOW THROUGH A CHANNEL FLOW THROUGH A PIPELINE DETENTION TIME CHEMICAL ADDITION CONVERSIONS WIRE-TO-WATER CALCULATIONS HORSEPOWER AND ENERGY COSTS ELECTRICAL POWER POWER FACTOR ADVANCED UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND CONVERSIONS CONVERSION FACTORS AND SI UNITS CONVERSION FACTORS (II) WATER/WASTEWATER CONVERSION EXAMPLES TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS (II) CONVERSION FACTORS: AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS SOIL TEST RESULTS CONVERSION FACTORS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION NUMBERS TO EQUIVALENT UNITS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS—RULES SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS—EXAMPLES FRACTIONS, DECIMALS, AND PERCENT FRACTIONS DECIMALS PERCENT ROUNDING AND SIGNI?CANT DIGITS ROUNDING NUMBERS DETERMINING SIGNI?CANT FIGURES POWERS OF TEN AND EXPONENTS RULES EXAMPLES AVERAGES (ARITHMETIC MEAN) AND MEDIAN AVERAGES MEDIAN SOLVING FOR THE UNKNOWN EQUATIONS AXIOMS SOLVING EQUATIONS SETTING UP EQUATIONS RATIO/PROPORTION RATIO PROPORTION WORKING WITH RATIO AND PROPORTION CHAPTER 10 ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS 10 1 ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS 10 1 1 OHM’S LAW 10 1 2 ELECTRIC POWER 10 1 3 ELECTRICAL POWER CALCULATIONS 10 1 4 ELECTRIC ENERGY 10 2 SERIES DC CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS 10 2 1 RESISTANCE 10 2 2 CURRENT 10 2 3 VOLTAGE 10 2 4 POWER 10 2 5 GENERAL SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 10 3 PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS 10 3 1 PARALLEL CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS 10 3 2 VOLTAGE IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS 10 3 3 CURRENT IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS 10 3 4 PARALLEL RESISTANCE 10 3 5 THE RECIPROCAL METHOD 10 3 6 PRODUCT OVER THE SUM METHOD 10 3 7 POWER IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS CHAPTER 11 CIRCUMFERENCE, AREA, AND VOLUME 11 1 PERIMETER AND CIRCUMFERENCE 11 1 1 PERIMETER 11 1 2 CIRCUMFERENCE 11 2 AREA 11 2 1 AREA OF A RECTANGLE 11 2 2 AREA OF A CIRCLE 11 2 3 AREA OF A CIRCULAR OR CYLINDRICAL TANK 11 3 VOLUME 11 3 1 VOLUME OF A RECTANGULAR BASIN 11 3 2 VOLUME OF ROUND PIPE AND ROUND SURFACE AREAS 11 3 3 VOLUME OF A CONE AND SPHERE 11 3 4 VOLUME OF A CIRCULAR OR CYLINDRICAL TANK 11 3 5 VOLUME IN GALLONS 11 3 6 VOLUME OF PIPES 11 3 7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS: AREA 11 3 8 PRACTICE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS: VOLUME CHAPTER 12 FORCE, PRESSURE, HEAD, VELOCITY CALCULATIONS 12 1 FORCE AND PRESSURE 12 2 HEAD 12 2 1 STATIC HEAD 12 2 2 FRICTION HEAD 12 2 3 VELOCITY HEAD 12 2 4 PRESSURE/HEAD 12 2 5 HEAD/PRESSURE 12 3 VELOCITY 12 4 FORCE, PRESSURE, HEAD, VELOCITY EXAMPLE PROBLEMS CHAPTER 13 MASS BALANCE AND MEASURING PLANT PERFORMANCE 13 1 MASS BALANCE FOR SETTLING TANKS 13 2 MASS BALANCE USING BOD REMOVAL 13 3 MEASURING PLANT PERFORMANCE 13 3 1 PLANT PERFORMANCE/EF?CIENCY 13 3 2 UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE/EF?CIENCY 13 3 3 PERCENT VOLATILE MATTER REDUCTION IN SLUDGE CHAPTER 14 PUMPING CALCULATIONS 14 1 BASIC WATER HYDRAULICS CALCULATIONS 14 1 1 WEIGHT OF WATER 14 1 2 WEIGHT OF WATER RELATED TO THE WEIGHT OF AIR 14 1 3 WATER AT REST 14 1 4 GAUGE PRESSURE 14 1 5 WATER IN MOTION 14 1 5 1 DISCHARGE 14 1 5 2 THE LAW OF CONTINUITY 14 1 6 PIPE FRICTION 14 2 BASIC PUMPING CALCULATIONS 14 2 1 PUMPING RATES 14 2 2 CALCULATING HEAD LOSS 14 2 3 CALCULATING HEAD 14 2 4 CALCULATING HORSEPOWER AND EF?CIENCY 14 2 4 1 HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER (WHP) 14 2 4 2 PUMP EF?CIENCY AND BRAKE HORSEPOWER (BHP) 14 2 5 SPECI?C SPEED 14 3 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS 14 4 PUMPING PRACTICE PROBLEMS CHAPTER 15 WATER SOURCE AND STORAGE CALCULATIONS 15 1 WATER SOURCE CALCULATIONS 15 1 1 WELL DRAWDOWN 15 1 2 WELL YIELD 15 1 3 SPECI?C YIELD 15 1 4 WELL CASING DISINFECTION 15 1 5 DEEP WELL TURBINE PUMP CALCULATIONS 15 1 6 VERTICAL TURBINE PUMP CALCULATIONS 15 2 WATER STORAGE 15 3 WATER STORAGE CALCULATIONS 15 4 COPPER SULFATE DOSING CHAPTER 16 WATER/WASTEWATER LABORATORY CALCULATIONS 16 1 FAUCET FLOW ESTIMATION 16 2 SERVICE LINE FLUSHING TIME 16 3 COMPOSITE SAMPLING CALCULATION (PROPORTIONING FACTOR) 16 3 1 COMPOSITE SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND CALCULATION 16 4 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) CALCULATIONS 16 4 1 BOD 7-DAY MOVING AVERAGE 16 5 MOLES AND MOLARITY 16 5 1 MOLES 16 7 NORMALITY 16 8 SETTLEABILITY (ACTIVATED BIOSOLIDS SOLIDS) 16 9 SETTLEABLE SOLIDS 16 10 BIOSOLIDS TOTAL SOLIDS, FIXED SOLIDS, AND VOLATILE SOLIDS 16 11 WASTEWATER SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS 16 12 BIOSOLIDS VOLUME INDEX (BVI) AND BIOSOLIDS DENSITY INDEX (BDI) 16 13 CHEMICAL DOSAGE CALCULATIONS 16 13 1 DOSAGE FORMULA PIE CHART 16 13 2 CHLORINE DOSAGE 16 13 3 HYPOCHLORITE DOSAGE 16 14 LABORATORY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS CHAPTER 17 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 17 1 BASIC MATH OPERATIONS 17 2 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 17 2 1 ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS