UNSATURATED SOILS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 1 Theory to Practice of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics 1 11 Introduction 1 12 Moisture and Thermal Flux Boundary Conditions 6 13 Determination of Unsaturated Soil Properties 8 14 Stages in Moving Toward Implementation 9 15 Need for Unsaturated Soil Mechanics 11 16 Partial Differential Equations in Soil Mechanics 17 17 Engineering Protocols for Unsaturated Soils 26 CHAPTER 2 Nature and Phase Properties of Unsaturated Soil 29 21 Introduction 29 22 Soil Classification 34 23 Phase Properties 48 24 Volume-Mass Variables 66 25 Soil Compaction 73 26 Volume-Mass Relations When Mass Is Lost from System 76 CHAPTER 3 State Variables for Unsaturated Soils 80 31 Introduction 80 32 Basis for Stress State Variables 84 33 Stress State Variables for Unsaturated Soils 87 34 Representation of Stress States 94 35 Equations for Mohr Circle 98 36 Role of Osmotic Suction 105 CHAPTER 4 Measurement and Estimation of State Variables 109 41 Introduction 109 42 Measurement of Soil Suction 109 43 Measurement of Total Suction 149 44 Measurement of Osmotic Suction 164 45 Measurement of In Situ Water Content 165 46 Estimation of Soil Suction 169 CHAPTER 5 Soil-Water Characteristic Curves for Unsaturated Soils 184 51 Introduction 184 52 Volume-Mass Constitutive Relations 190 53 Equations for SWCC 200 54 Regression Analysis on SWCC Equations 214 55 Hysteresis, Initialization, and Interpretation of SWCC 217 56 Pham and Fredlund (2011) Equation for Entire SWCC 224 57 Gitirana and Fredlund (2004) SWCC 231 58 Measurement of SWCC Using Pressure Plate Devices 234 59 Single-Specimen Pressure Plate Devices for Geotechnical Engineering 242 510 Vacuum Desiccators for High Suctions 249 511 Use of Chilled-Mirror or Dew-Point Method 251 512 Estimation of SWCC 253 513 Two-Point Method of Estimating SWCC 263 514 Correlation of Fitting Parameters to Soil Properties 265 515 Application of SWCC 269 516 Guidelines and Recommendations for Engineering Practice 271 CHAPTER 6 Ground Surface Moisture Flux Boundary Conditions 273 61 Introduction 273 62 Climatic Classification for a Site 274 63 Boundary Value Framework for Near-Ground- Surface Design 278 64 Challenges of Numerical Modeling Ground Surface Moisture Flux Conditions 321 CHAPTER 7 Theory of Water Flow through Unsaturated Soils 327 71 Introduction 327 72 Theory of Flow of Water 327 73 Darcy’s Law for Unsaturated Soils 331 74 Partial Differential Equations for Steady-State Water Flow 344 75 Partial Differential Equations for Transient Seepage 351 76 Direct Measurement of Water Flow Properties 354 CHAPTER 8 Solving Saturated/Unsaturated Water Flow Problems 375 81 Introduction 375 82 Estimation of Permeability Function 375 83 Application to Saturated-Unsaturated Water Flow Problems 397 84 Conditions under Which Matric Suction Can Be Maintained 437 CHAPTER 9 Air Flow through Unsaturated Soils 450 91 Introduction 450 92 Theory of Free Air Flow 450 93 Fick’s Law and Darcy’s Law for Air Flow 451 94 Diffusion of Air through Water 458 95 Other Components of Air Flow 460 96 Partial Differential Equations for Air Flow through Unsaturated Soils 461 97 Direct Measurement of Air Coefficient of Permeability 465 98 Direct Measurement of Air Diffusion through Water 467 99 Indirect Estimation of Air Flow Properties 472 910 Applications to Saturated-Unsaturated Air Flow Problems 480 CHAPTER 10 Heat Flow Analysis for Unsaturated Soils 487 101 Introduction 487 102 Theory of Heat Flow 488 103 Theory of Freezing and Thawing Soils 492 104 Formulation of Partial Differential Equations for Conductive Heat Flow 495 105 Direct Measurement of Thermal Properties 500 106 Estimation Procedures for Thermal Properties 505 107 Applications to Thermal Problems 510 108 One-Dimensional Heat Flow in Unfrozen and Frozen Soils 511 109 Two-Dimensional Heat Flow Example Involving Chilled Pipeline 511 1010 Two-Dimensional Heat Flow Example with Surface Temperatures above and below Freezing 512 1011 Aldrich (1956) Example of Vertical Column 516 CHAPTER 11 Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils 520 111 Introduction 520 112 Theory of Shear Strength 520 113 Measurement of Shear Strength 536 114 Special Equipment Design Considerations 541 115 Triaxial Test Procedures for Unsaturated Soils 551 116 Interpretation of Triaxial Test Results 554 117 Direct Shear Tests 565 118 Typical Laboratory Test Results 567 119 Selection of Strain Rate 578 CHAPTER 12 Shear Strength Applications in Plastic and Limit Equilibrium 588 121 Introduction 588 122 Estimation of Shear Strength Functions for Unsaturated Soils 588 123 Application to Practical Shear Strength Problems in Geotechnical Engineering 612 124 Bearing Capacity 626 125 Slope Stability 632 126 Optimization Procedures to Solve for Factor of Safety 642 127 Application of Slope Stability Analyses 651 128 Hazard Assessment and Decision Analysis Related to Slope Instability 662 CHAPTER 13 Stress-Deformation Analysis for Unsaturated Soils 666 131 Introduction 666 132 Concepts of Volume Change and Deformation 670 133 Volume-Mass Constitutive Relations 673 134 Compressibility Form for Unsaturated Soil Constitutive Relations 679 135 Relationship Among Volumetric Deformation Coefficients 685 136 Pham-Fredlund Volume-Mass Constitutive Model (2011a) 693 137 Formulation of Partial Differential Equations for Stress-Deformation in Unsaturated Soils 713 138 Measurement of Stress-Deformation Properties for Unsaturated Soils 721 CHAPTER 14 Solving Stress-Deformation Problems with Unsaturated Soils 731 141 Introduction 731 142 Estimation of Stress-Deformation Properties 731 143 Application to Practical Stress-Deformation Problems 735 144 Evaluation of Stress History in Unsaturated Soils 738 145 One-Dimensional Formulations for Deformation Analysis for Unsaturated Soil 756 146 Swelling Theory Formulated in Terms of Incremental Elasticity Parameters 768 147 Evaluation of Elasticity Parameter Functions from Volume Change Indices 771 148 One-Dimensional Solution Using Incremental Elasticity Formulation 775 149 Two-Dimensional Solution Using Incremental Elasticity Formulation 778 1410 Challenges in Numerically Modeling of Expansive Soil Problems 778 CHAPTER 15 Compressibility and Pore Pressure Parameters 783 151 Introduction 783 152 Coupled and Uncoupled Solutions 784 153 Uncoupled Undrained Loading 786 154 Derivation of Pore Pressure Parameters 794 155 Drained and Undrained Loading 796 156 Solutions of Pore Pressure Equations and Comparisons with Experimental Results 802 157 Rheological Model to Represent Relative Compressibilities of Unsaturated Soil 807 CHAPTER 16 Consolidation and Swelling Processes in Unsaturated Soils 809 161 Introduction 809 162 Stress and Seepage Uncoupled and Coupled Systems 809 163 Solution of Consolidation Equations Using Finite Difference Technique 817 164 Typical Consolidation Test Results on Unsaturated Soils 819 165 Dimensionless Consolidation Parameters 823 166 Coupled Formulations and Three-Dimensional Consolidation 825 167 Water, Air Flow, and Nonisothermal Systems 829 168 Two-Dimensional Stress-Deformation and Saturated-Unsaturated Seepage Analysis 831 169 Computer Simulation of Edge Lift and Edge Drop of Slabs-on-Ground 845 1610 Theory for Simulation of Swelling Pressure Development 848 1611 Rheological Model for Unsaturated Soils 851