THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
CONTENTS CON?GURATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH REPLACEMENT IN SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC) TOXICITY CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAVY METALS LEACHABILITY OF SELF COMPACTED CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH AS PARTIAL CEMENT AND SAND REPLACEMENT TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH-BASED LIGHTWEIGHT GEOPOLYMER BRICK DEVELOPMENT OF ASH-BASED AND SLAG-BASED PRESSED GEOPOLYMER DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH CONCRETE USING GLASS BUBBLE FOR THERMAL INSULATION BUILDING APPLICATION CHARACTERISTIC OF ONE-PART GEOPOLYMER AS BUILDING MATERIALS PERFORMANCE ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIRED CLAY BRICK INCORPORATED WITH PALM KERNEL SHELL FOR LIGHTWEIGHT BUILDING MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION OF PETROLEUM SLUDGE PRIOR TO BE TREATED IN CEMENT PLANTS FABRICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT CERAMIC MATERIALS USING GEOPOLYMER TECHNOLOGY PERFORMANCE OF SINTERED POZZOLANIC ARTI?CIAL AGGREGATES AS COARSE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE DENSITY, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND WATER ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF SAND CEMENT BRICK CONTAINING RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE (RCA) AND CRUMB RUBBER (CR) AS PARTIAL SAND REPLACEMENT MATERIALS PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE CONTAINING SYNTHETIC WIRE WASTE AS FIBER MATERIALS ENVIRONMENT ACCEPTABILITY AS BUILDING MATERIAL FROM ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS LEACHING BEHAVIOR IN SLUDGE CON?GURATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH REPLACEMENT IN SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC) ABSTRACT GENERALLY, ?Y ASH (FA) AND BOTTOM ASH (BA) ARE PRODUCED BY THE PROCESS OF COMBUSTION IN COAL-?RED POWER PLANTS THAT CONSIDERED AS WASTE WHICH INCLUDES HEAVY METALS IN ITS COMPOSITION MOREOVER, THESE METALS ARE HARMFUL TO BOTH THE ATMOSPHERE AND HUMAN HEALTH APPARENTLY, FOR THESE ASHES, TREATMENT METHODS ARE AVAILABLE, AND ONE OF THEM IS THE REPLACEMENT OF FA AND BA AS CONCRETE MATERIALS THEREFORE, THE PRIMARY PURPOSED OF THIS PAPER WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-COMPACTED CONCRETE (SCC) INCORPORATED WITH ?Y ASH AND BOTTOM ASH SCC WAS DEVELOPED WITH DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF FA AND BA AS A REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT AND SAND WITH RATIOS OF 10, 20 AND 30% RESPECTIVELY THE PROPERTIES TESTED WERE SLUMP ?OW AND T500 TEST, SIEVE SEGREGATION, AND J-RING TEST FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC NEXT, DENSITY, COMPRESSIVE POWER, AND WATER ABSORPTION WERE EXAMINED TO DETERMINE ITS MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTIC THE RESULTS REVEALED THAT BOTH PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH 20% OF FA AND BA IN SCC WERE SUITABLE TO BE DE?NED AS SCC A COMPARABLE SET OF DATA IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WERE OBSERVED, AND DENSITIES HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED AS STANDARD WEIGHT CONCRETE IN CONCLUSION, THIS RESEARCH DEMON- STRATES THAT FA AND BA MATERIAL ARE POSSIBLY BE USED AS A NEW MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE PRODUCTION KEYWORDS SCC FLY ASH BOTTOM ASH OPC DENSITY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH INTRODUCTION THE COMBUSTION PHASE IN COAL-?RED POWER PLANTS, SOME WASTE IS GENERATED CALLED ?Y ASH (FA) AND BOTTOM ASH (BA) THE ABILITY OF THESE WASTES TO BE REPLACED BY CONSTRUC- TION MATERIALS, DEPENDING ON THEIR FORM, SIZE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FURTHERMORE, THE USE OF THESE WASTES REQUIRED THE REPLACEMENT OF THESE ITEMS BASED ON THE EF?CIENCY GUIDELINES SET OUT BY THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [1] THE FA OR ?NE ASH FRACTION IS RAISED BY EXHAUST GASES AND CAPTURED BY HIGHLY EFFECTIVE AIR ?LTERS BEFORE REACHING AN ATMOSPHERE THAT CONSISTS MAINLY OF SUBTLE, GLASSY, CEMENT-LIKE SPHERES BESIDES, BA IS A PORTION OF THE ASH THAT DROPS DOWN THE GRIDS JUST UNDER THE BOILERS AND BE COMBINED WITH WATER AND DRAINED INTO THE PONDS [2] THE TYPE FOR FA AND BA IS GENERALLY BASED ON THE TYPE OF FURNACE AND COAL ORIGIN [3, 4] THUS, IT REPORTED THAT 80% OF THE OUTPUT WOULD BECOME ?Y ASH THROUGH THE COAL BURNING PROCESS AND THAT 20% OF THE PRODUCTION WOULD REMAIN LOW ASH [5] THE FORM OF FA AND BA IS GENERALLY DEPENDED ON THE METHOD OF A FURNACE AND COAL ORIGIN [3, 4] OTHER THAN THIS, FA AND BA ARE CLASSI?ED AS SCHEDULED WASTE CONTAINING A LARGE AMOUNT OF TOXIC AND HEAVY METALS [6] BESIDES, FA HAS BEEN COMMONLY USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT WITH A WEIGHT OF APPROXIMATELY 30% WITHOUT MATERIALLY AFFECTING THE STRENGTH AND EF?- CIENCY OF CONCRETE [7–9] FA CONCRETE TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON, AND POZZOLANIC MATERIAL IS A SUBSTANCE CONTAINING ALUMINA AND SILICA THAT FORMS CEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE [10] FA IS BEING USED IN RECENT YEARS, PRIMARILY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE UTILITY OF WASTE MATERIALS AS WELL AS THE PRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, IN PARTICULAR, DUE TO IMPROVED CONSISTENCY AND DURABILITY OF ?Y ASH [11–13] IN COMPARISON, A FEW RESEARCHERS STUDIED THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BA CONCRETE PRODUCED IN THE CONCRETE MIX [4] THE RESULTS SHOW THAT BA OFFERED A COMPRES- SIVE STRENGTH COMPARABLE TO STANDARD CONCRETE AND FOUND THAT THE CONCRETE STRENGTH IMPROVED WITH A RISE IN THE BOTTOM ASH OVERALL, THIS RESEARCH EMPHASIZES ON THE PROCESSING OF SCC BY ADDING THE REQUIRED PROPORTION OF FA TO CEMENT REPLACEMENT AND BA WASTE TO COMPLETELY EXPLOIT THE ADVANTAGES OF WASTE IN TERMS OF ITS PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MATERIAL FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH WERE OBTAINED FROM ONE OF THE COAL-?RED POWER PLANTS ON THE MALAYSIAN PENINSULA (FIG 1A, B) FA AND BA WERE INCORPORATED INTO SCC MIX BY REPLACING CEMENT AND SAND IN THE PERCENTAGE OF 0, 10, 20 AND 30% RESPECTIVELY DETAILS OF THE MIX CON?GURATION FOR THIS RESEARCH, AS SHOWN IN TABLE 1 THERE WERE TEN DESIGN MIX PROPORTIONS WITH A TOTAL BINDER CONTENT OF 530 TO 551 KG/M3 WITH WATER TO BINDER RATIO OF 0 41 THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT INDICATES THE RATE OF DEFORMATION WITHIN A GIVEN ?OW DISTANCE (FIG 3) THIS METHOD THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT FIG 2 SLUMP ?OW OF FA AND BA INCORPORATED IN SCC USING T500 TEST FIG 3 PASSING ABILITY OF FA AND BA INCORPORATED IN SCC USING THE J-RING TEST SHOULD COMPLY WITH BS EN 12350-12 [15] MEANWHILE, THE SIEVE SEGREGATION RESISTANCE TEST IS DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE OF THE SCC TO SEGREGATION BY REFERRED TO BS EN 12350-11 [16] (FIG 4) CONSEQUENTLY, THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS TESTING FOR FA AND BA INCORPORATED WITH SCC INCLUDE DENSITY, WATER ABSORPTION AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTS WERE CONDUCTED FOR HARDENED CONCRETE CURING WAS DONE FOLLOWING BS EN 12390-2 [17] AND DENSITY, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND WATER ABSORPTION AT 28 DAYS BY REFERRING BS EN 12390 [18] AND BS 1881-122 [19] THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT FIG 4 SEGREGATION RESISTANCE OF FA AND BA INCORPORATED IN SCC USING SIEVE SEGREGATION TEST PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF FA AND BA INCORPORATED IN SCC THE SLUMP ?OW TEST WAS DONE TO ACHIEVE A TARGET AVERAGE RANGE DIAMETER OF MORE THAN 500 MM BUT LESS THAN 700 MM THE TIME OF SPREAD TO T500 SHALL ALSO NOT BE LESS THAN 2 S SPREAD DIAMETERS BY ALL MIXTURES WERE REPORTED HIGHER THAN THE REQUIRED LEVEL OF THE SCC AND SPREADING TIME AS SHOWN IN FIGS 5 AND 6 WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE FIG 5 RESULTS OF SLUMP ?OW OF FA AND BA INCORPORATED IN SCC THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT HAVG—AVERAGE HEIGHT BETWEEN HEIGHT INNER AND OUTER OF J-RING SET; HO—A HEIGHT IN THE CENTRE OF J-RING SET EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF SPECIALIST CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS AND CONCRETE SYSTEMS, EFNARC [20] THUS, ACCORDING TO EFNARC, THE MEASURED TIME VALUE DOES NOT EVAL- UATE VISCOSITY OF SCC BUT IS CORRELATED TO BY IDENTIFYING THE ?OW RATE GUNEYISI ET AL [21] SUGGESTED THAT VARIATION BETWEEN ?OW TIMES WOULD BE BENE?CIAL IN MINIMIZING THE FORMWORK PRESSURE OR ENHANCING THE RESISTANT TO SEGREGATION THE RESULTS FOR J-RING SHOWED THAT ALL THE TARGETED MIX PERCENTAGES WERE MET THE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA AND FOR CONCRETE PASSING ABILITY (TABLE 2) THE STUDY PERTAINS THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT REPORTED A HIGHER DENSITY OF SCC SAMPLES IT SHOWS THAT WITH FA SUBSTITUTION OF UP TO 20% IN SAMPLES, THE DENSITY WAS HIGHER THAN WITH BA ALONE EVEN SO, ALL SAMPLES WERE COMPARABLE WITH BS EN 206:2013 AS STANDARD WEIGHT CONCRETE WITH A RANGE BETWEEN 2000–2600 KG/M3 OTHER THAN THAT, WONGKEO ET AL [23] PROPOSED THAT DENSITY OF THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETE MAY VARY DEPENDING ON THE DENSITY OF AGGREGATE, THE AMOUNT OF AIR SPACE THAT IS COMPRESSED OR TRAPPED, AND THE CONTENT OF WATER AND CEMENT FIGURE 7 DEPICTS THE WATER ABSORPTION RESULTS OF FA AND BA OF SCC SAMPLES THE ?NDINGS INDICATE THAT WITH THE INCREASE OF BA, WATER ABSORPTION DECREASED SIGNI?- CANTLY FOR FA0BA10 (1 08%), FA0BA20 (1 02%) AND FA0BA30 SAMPLE WITH 0 67% RESPECTIVELY IT IS PROPOSED BY SIDDIQUE [25] THAT THE INTEGRATION OF BA INTO CONCRETE FIG 7 WATER ABSORPTION OF SCC SAMPLES THE USES OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT