CHEMISTRY IN YOUR ENVIRONMENT
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY? IN THE BEGINNING ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH 1 3 1 FORMATION OF THE CRUST AND ATMOSPHERE 1 3 2 THE HYDROSPHERE 1 3 3 THE ORIGIN OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE HUMAN EFFECTS ON BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES? THE STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK INTERNET KEYWORDS FURTHER READING INTERNET SEARCH KEYWORDS 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMIST’S TOOLBOX ABOUT THIS CHAPTER ORDER IN THE ELEMENTS? BONDING 2 3 1 COVALENT BONDS 2 3 2 IONIC BONDING, IONS AND IONIC SOLIDS USING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS DESCRIBING AMOUNTS OF SUBSTANCES: THE MOLE CONCENTRATION AND ACTIVITY ORGANIC MOLECULES – STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY 2 7 1 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 2 7 2 REPRESENTING ORGANIC MATTER IN SIMPLE EQUATIONS RADIOACTIVITY OF ELEMENTS FINDING MORE CHEMICAL TOOLS IN THIS BOOK 3 THE ATMOSPHERE INTRODUCTION COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE STEADY STATE OR EQUILIBRIUM? NATURAL SOURCES 3 4 1 GEOCHEMICAL SOURCES 3 4 2 BIOLOGICAL SOURCES REACTIVITY OF TRACE SUBSTANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE 3 6 1 LONDON SMOG – PRIMARY POLLUTION 3 6 2 LOS ANGELES SMOG – SECONDARY POLLUTION 3 6 3 21ST-CENTURY PARTICULATE POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION REMOVAL PROCESSES CHEMISTRY OF THE STRATOSPHERE 3 10 1 STRATOSPHERIC OZONE FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION 3 10 2 OZONE DESTRUCTION BY HALOGENATED SPECIES 3 10 3 SAVING THE OZONE LAYER 4 THE CHEMISTRY OF CONTINENTAL SOLIDS THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT, CRUST AND MATERIAL CYCLING THE STRUCTURE OF SILICATE MINERALS 4 2 1 COORDINATION OF IONS AND THE RADIUS RATIO RULE 4 2 2 THE CONSTRUCTION OF SILICATE MINERALS 4 2 3 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN SILICATE MINERALS WEATHERING PROCESSES MECHANISMS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING 4 4 1 DISSOLUTION 4 4 2 OXIDATION 4 4 3 ACID HYDROLYSIS 4 4 4 WEATHERING OF COMPLEX SILICATE MINERALS CLAY MINERALS 4 5 1 ONE TO ONE CLAY MINERAL STRUCTURE 4 5 2 TWO TO ONE CLAY MINERAL STRUCTURE FORMATION OF SOILS 4 6 1 PARENT (BEDROCK) MATERIAL (P) 4 6 2 CLIMATE (CL) 4 6 3 RELIEF (R) 4 6 4 VEGETATION (V) 4 6 5 IN?UENCE OF ORGANISMS (O) WIDER CONTROLS ON SOIL AND CLAY MINERAL FORMATION ION EXCHANGE AND SOIL PH SOIL STRUCTURE AND CLASSI?CATION 4 9 1 SOILS WITH ARGILLIC HORIZONS 4 9 2 SPODOSOLS (PODZOLS) 4 9 3 SOILS WITH GLEY HORIZONS CONTAMINATED LAND 4 10 1 ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN SOILS 4 10 2 DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN SOILS 4 10 3 REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED LAND 4 10 4 PHYTOREMEDIATION 5 THE CHEMISTRY OF CONTINENTAL WATERS ELEMENT CHEMISTRY WATER CHEMISTRY AND WEATHERING REGIMES 5 3 1 ALKALINITY, DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON AND PH BUFFERING ALUMINIUM SOLUBILITY AND ACIDITY 5 4 1 ACIDI?CATION FROM ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS 5 4 2 ACID MINE DRAINAGE 5 4 3 RECOGNIZING ACIDI?CATION FROM SULPHATE DATA – TERNARY DIAGRAMS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 5 5 1 NUTRIENTS AND EUTROPHICATION HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION 5 6 1 MERCURY CONTAMINATION FROM GOLD MINING CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER 5 7 1 ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER 5 7 2 NATURAL ARSENIC CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER 6 THE OCEANS ESTUARINE PROCESSES 6 2 1 AGGREGATION OF COLLOIDAL MATERIAL IN ESTUARIES 6 2 2 MIXING PROCESSES IN ESTUARIES 6 2 3 HALMYROLYSIS AND ION EXCHANGE IN ESTUARIES 6 2 4 MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN ESTUARIES MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY OF SEAWATER CHEMICAL CYCLING OF MAJOR IONS 6 4 1 SEA-TO-AIR ?UXES 6 4 2 EVAPORITES 6 4 3 CATION EXCHANGE 6 4 4 CALCIUM CARBONATE FORMATION 6 4 5 OPALINE SILICA 6 4 6 SULPHIDES 6 4 7 HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES 6 4 8 THE POTASSIUM PROBLEM: BALANCING THE SEAWATER MAJOR ION BUDGET MINOR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS IN SEAWATER 6 5 1 DISSOLVED GASES 6 5 2 DISSOLVED IONS 6 5 3 CONSERVATIVE BEHAVIOUR 6 5 4 NUTRIENT-LIKE BEHAVIOUR 6 5 5 SCAVENGED BEHAVIOUR THE ROLE OF IRON AS A NUTRIENT IN THE OCEANS OCEAN CIRCULATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON OCEAN CHEMISTRY 6 8 1 HUMAN EFFECTS ON REGIONAL SEAS 1: THE BALTIC 6 8 2 HUMAN EFFECTS ON REGIONAL SEAS 2: THE GULF OF MEXICO 6 8 3 HUMAN EFFECTS ON TOTAL OCEAN MINOR ELEMENT BUDGETS? 7 GLOBAL CHANGE WHY STUDY GLOBAL-SCALE ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY? THE CARBON CYCLE 7 2 1 THE ATMOSPHERIC RECORD 7 2 2 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES AND SINKS 7 2 3 THE GLOBAL BUDGET OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON DIOXIDE 7 2 4 THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS ON GLOBAL TEMPERATURE AND OTHER PROPERTIES THE SULPHUR CYCLE 7 3 1 THE GLOBAL SULPHUR CYCLE AND ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS 7 3 2 THE SULPHUR CYCLE AND ATMOSPHERIC ACIDITY 7 3 3 THE SULPHUR CYCLE AND CLIMATE PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS 7 4 1 PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT MOBILITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE 7 4 2 GLOBAL PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT EQUILIBRIUM