CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS FOR METALS AND MATERIALS

By S. FIANS

CONTENTS POLYELECTROLYTE: THERMODYNAMICS AND RHEOLOGY STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES POLYELECTROLYTE: SCIENCE AND APPLICATION BIOLOGICAL POLYELECTROLYTES: SOLUTIONS, GELS, INTERMOLECULAR COMPLEXES AND NANOPARTICLES POLYELECTROLYTE HYDROGELS: THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMIC AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYELECTROLYTE SYSTEMS COMPLEXES FORMATION BETWEEN PROTEINS AND POLYELECTROLYTES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES OF ENZYME PURI?CATION POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES STRATI?ED INTERPOLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES: FABRICATION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES MONTE CARLO STUDIES IN POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS: STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS POLYELECTROLYTE: THERMODYNAMICS AND RHEOLOGY STATE OF ART, NEW CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ABSTRACT THE PRESENT CHAPTER DEALS WITH A BRIEF ACCOUNT ON VARIOUS TYPES TOPICS IN POLYELECTROLYTE: THERMODYNAMICS AND RHEOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES, POLYELECTROLYTE: SCIENCE AND APPLICATION, BIOLOGICAL POLYELECTROLYTES: RELEVANCE TO NATURE AND ITS INTERACTIONS, POLYELECTROLYTE HYDRO- GELS: THERMODYNAMICS, THERMODYNAMIC AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYELECTRO- LYTE SYSTEMS, COMPLEXES FORMATION BETWEEN PROTEINS AND POLYELECTROLYTES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES OF ENZYME PURI?CATION, POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES: BRIDGING THE ENSEMBLE AVERAGE—SINGLE-MOLECULE STRATEGIES, STRATI?ED INTERPOLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES: FABRICATION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES AND MONTE CARLO STUDIES IN POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS: STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS THIS CHAPTER ALSO DISCUSSED RECENT TECHNICAL RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE AREA OF POLYELECTROLYTE: THERMODYNAMICS AND RHEOLOGY HAVING IMMENSE STRUCTURAL POSSI- BILITIES FOR CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL MODI?CATIONS TO GENERATE NOVEL PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS ESPECIALLY POLYELECTROLYTE 1 STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYELECTROLYTE COMPLEXES POLYELECTROLYTES (PES) ARE POLYMERS WITH CHARGED MONOMER GROUPS THAT CAN DIS- SOCIATE INTO A CHARGED MACROION AND SMALL COUNTERIONS WHEN THE PE IS DISSOLVED IN A POLAR SOLVENT [1, 2] THESE CHARGED POLYMERS ARE, IN MANY CASES, EMPLOYED IN NATURE, AND NOT ONLY DNA [3] BUT ALSO PROTEINS AND CELLULOSE CAN BE CLASSI?ED AS PES TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS OF PES INCLUDE, FOR EXAMPLE, PE-DNA DRUG DELIVERY COMPLEXES CALLED POLYPLEXES [4, 5] THE INTERACTION AND STRUCTURE OF PES IN A SOLVENT (MOSTLY WATER) ARE CONTROLLED TO A LARGE EXTENT BY ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS