A HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Part I Introductory Section 1 1 Editorial Introduction 3 11 From Industrial to Sustainable Chemistry, a Policy Perspective 4 12 Managing Intraorganizational Sustainability 5 13 Managing Horizontal Interorganizational Sustainability 5 14 Managing Vertical Interorganizational Sustainability 6 15 Sustainable Chemistry in a Societal Context 6 2 History and Drivers of Sustainability in the Chemical Industry 7 21 The Rise of Public Pressure 7 211 The Environmental Movement 8 212 A Problem of Public Trust 9 22 Industry Responded 10 221 The Responsible Care Program 10 222 Technology Development 12 223 Corporate Sustainability Strategies 14 23 An Evolving Framework 15 231 New Issues and Regulations 15 232 Sustainability as an Opportunity 16 233 Recent Industry Trends 16 24 Conclusions: the Sustainability Drivers 18 References 18 3 From Industrial to Sustainable Chemistry, a Policy Perspective 21 31 Introduction 21 32 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control 22 321 Environmental Policy for Industrial Emissions 22 322 Best Available Techniques and BREFs 23 323 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control in the Chemical Sector 24 33 From IED to Voluntary Systems 25 34 Sustainability Challenges for Industry 26 341 Introduction 26 342 Policy Drivers for Sustainable Chemistry 27 343 Transition Concept 28 35 Conclusion 30 References 31 4 Sustainable Industrial Chemistry from a Nontechnological Viewpoint 33 41 Introduction 33 42 Intraorganizational Management for Enhancing Sustainability 36 43 Horizontal Interorganizational Management for Enhancing Sustainability 37 44 Vertical Interorganizational Management for Enhancing Sustainability 38 45 Sustainable Chemistry in a Societal Context 39 46 Conclusions 40 References 41 Part II Managing Intra-Organizational Sustainability 43 5 Building Corporate Social Responsibility – Developing a Sustainability Management System Framework 45 51 Introduction 45 52 Development of a CSR Management System Framework 47 521 Management Knowledge and Commitment (Soft Factor) 49 522 Stakeholder Knowledge and Commitment (Soft Factor) 49 523 Strategic Planning – the Choice of Sustainable Strategic Pillars (Hard Factor) 50 524 Knowledge and Commitment from the Workforce (Soft Factor) 50 525 Operational Planning, Execution, and Monitoring (Hard Factor) 51 53 Conclusions 52 References 52 6 Sustainability Assessment Methods and Tools 55 61 Introduction 55 62 Sustainability Assessment Framework 56 63 Impact Indicators and Assessment Methodologies 59 631 Environmental Impact Assessment 62 6311 Emission Impact Indicators 62 6312 Resource Impact Indicators 68 6313 Technology Indicators 71 6314 Assessment Methodologies 72 632 Economic Impact Assessment 75 6321 Economic Impact Indicators 76 6322 Assessment Methodologies 76 633 Social Impact Assessment 77 6331 Social Impact Indicators 78 6332 Assessment Methodologies 79 634 Multidimensional Assessment 79 635 Interpretation 81 64 Conclusions 81 References 82 7 Integrated Business and SHESE Management Systems 89 71 Introduction 89 72 Requirements for Integrating Management Systems 90 73 Integrating Management Systems: Obstacles and Advantages 92 74 Integrated Risk Management Models 95 741 FERMA Risk Management Standard 2003 95 742 Australian/New Zealand Norm AS/NZS 4360:2004 96 743 ISO 31000:2009 97 744 The Canadian Integrated Risk Management Framework (IRM Framework) 98 75 Characteristics and Added Value of an Integrated Model; Integrated Management in Practice 100 76 Conclusions 103 References 103 8 Supporting Process Design by a Sustainability KPIs Methodology 105 81 Introduction 105 82 Quantitative Assessment of Sustainability KPIs in Process Design Activities 107 83 Identification of Relevant KPIs: the ‘‘Tree of Impacts’’ 111 84 Criteria for Normalization and Aggregation of the KPIs 121 85 Customization and Sensitivity Analysis in Early KPI Assessment 123 86 Conclusions 128 References 128 Part III Managing Horizontal Interorganizational Sustainability 131 9 Industrial Symbiosis and the Chemical Industry: between Exploration and Exploitation 133 91 Introduction 133 92 Understanding Industrial Symbiosis 134 921 Industrial Symbiosis Leads to Decreased Ecological Impact 135 922 Industrial Symbiosis Requires a Highly Developed Social Network 136 923 The Regional Cluster Is the Preferred Boundary for Optimizing Ecological Impact 136 93 Resourcefulness 137 94 Putting Resourcefulness to the Test 138 941 Petrochemical Cluster in the Rotterdam Harbor Area 138 942 Terneuzen 139 943 Moerdijk 141 95 Conclusions 142 References 144 10 Cluster Management for Improving Safety and Security in Chemical Industrial Areas 147 101 Introduction 147 102 Cluster Management 148 103 Cross-Organizational Learning on Safety and Security 150 1031 Knowledge Transfer 150 1032 Overcoming Confidentiality Hurdles: the Multi-Plant Council (MPC) 151 1033 A Cluster Management Model for Safety and Security 152 104 Discussion 157 105 Conclusions 158 References 159 Part IV Managing Vertical Inter-Organizational Sustainability 161 11 Sustainable Chemical Logistics 163 111 Introduction 163 112 Sustainability of Logistics and Transportation 165 113 Improving Sustainability of Logistics in the Chemical Sector 166 1131 Optimization 167 1132 Coordinated Supply Chain Management 170 1133 Horizontal Collaboration 171 1134 Multimodal, Intermodal and Co-Modal Transportation 174 114 Conclusions 178 References 179 12 Implementing Service-Based Chemical Supply Relationship – Chemical Leasing® – Potential in EU 181 121 Introduction 181 122 Basic Principles of Chemical Leasing (ChL) 182 123 Differences between Chemical Leasing and Other Alternative Business Models for Chemicals 186 1231 Classical Leasing 186 1232 Chemical Management Services 186 1233 Outsourcing 187 124 Practical Implications of Chemical Leasing 187 1241 Strengths and Opportunities for the Supplier 189 1242 Strengths and Opportunities for the Customer 190 125 Economic, Technical, and Juridical Aspects of Chemical Leasing 191 1251 An Example 191 1252 Barriers to the Model 191 1253 Analysis of the Legal Requirements Impacting Chemical Leasing Projects 193 12531 The Importance of Contracts 193 12532 Competition Law and Chemical Leasing 194 12533 REACH and Chemical Leasing 195 12534 Legal Aspects, a Bottleneck? 196 126 Conclusions and Recommendations 197 References 198 13 Sustainable Chemical Warehousing 199 131 Introduction 199 132 Risk Management in the Chemical Warehouse 200 1321 Hazard Identification 200 1322 Quantifying Risk: Probabilities and Consequences 205 1323 Mitigation Strategies 209 13231 Minimize Risk 209 13232 Transfer Risk 211 13233 Accept Risk 213 1324 Control and Documentation 213 133 Conclusions 214 References 214 Part V Sustainable Chemistry in a Societal Context 215 14 A Transition Perspective on Sustainable Chemistry: the Need for Smart Governance? 217 141 Introduction 217 142 A Transitions Perspective on Chemical Industry 219 143 A Tale of Two Pathways 223 144 Critical Issues in the Transition Management to Sustainable Chemistry 225 145 Governance Strategies for a Transition to a Sustainable Chemistry 227 146 Conclusions and Reflections 230 References 231 15 The Flemish Chemical Industry Transition toward Sustainability: the ‘‘FISCH’’ Experience 233 151 Introduction 233 1511 Societal Chemistry 233 1512 The Belgian and Flemish Chemical and Life Sciences Industry in a Global Context 233 1513 The Challenge of Sustainable Development for the Chemical Industry in Flanders 234 152 Transition of the Chemical Industry in Flanders: the ‘‘FISCH’’ Initiative 236 1521 Setting the Scene: the ‘‘FISCH’’ Feasibility Study 236 1522 Outcome of the Study – Goals and Overall Setup of ‘‘FISCH’’ 237 15221 Vision, Mission, and Setup of FISCH 237 15222 FISCH in a Flemish and European Context 241 15223 Added Value of ‘‘FISCH’’ and Spillover Effects 242 1523 Putting It All into Practice: Implementing ‘‘FISCH’’ 243 153 Concluding Remarks and Lessons Learned 244 Acknowledgments 245 References 245 16 The Transition to a Bio-Based Chemical Industry: Transition Management from a Geographical Point of View 247 161 Introduction 247 162 Composition of the Chemical Clusters in Antwerp, Ghent, Rotterdam, and Terneuzen 249 1621 The Rhine–Scheldt Delta 249 1622 Past and Present of the Petrochemical Industry in the Ports of Antwerp, Ghent, Rotterdam, and Terneuzen 250 163 Regional Innovation Projects to Strengthen the Transition to a Bio-Based Chemical Industry 254 1631 First Step: Substitution of Fossil Resources by Bio-Based Feedstocks Making Use of Vested Technologies 254 1632 Second Step: Development of a New Technological Paradigm for the Production of Second-Generation Bio-Based Products 257 1633 Third Step: Closing Material Loops 258 164 Conclusions 259 References 262 Part VI Conclusions and Recommendations 265 17 Conclusions and Recommendations 267