THERMAL USES AND PROPERTIES OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIGNINS

By AMELIA BROWN

MEASUREMENTS OF SINGLE-PHASE PRESSURE DROP AND HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN MICRO AND MINICHANNELS STEADY STATE AND PERIODIC HEAT TRANSFER IN MICRO CONDUITS FLOW REGIMES IN MICROCHANNEL SINGLE-PHASE GASEOUS FLUID FLOW MICROSCALE HEAT TRANSFER AT LOW TEMPERATURES CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FOR SINGLE-PHASE GASES IN MICROCHANNEL SLIP FLOW: ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS MICROSCALE HEAT TRANSFER UTILIZING MICROSCALE AND NANOSCALE PHENOMENA MICROFLUIDICS IN LAB-ON-A-CHIP: MODELS, SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS TRANSIENT FLOW AND THERMAL ANALYSIS IN MICROFLUIDICS FROM NANO TO MICRO TO MACRO SCALES IN BOILING FLOW BOILING IN MINICHANNELS HEAT REMOVAL USING NARROW CHANNELS, SPRAYS AND MICROJETS BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN MINICHANNELS CONDENSATION FLOW MECHANISMS, PRESSURE DROP AND HEAT TRANSFER IN MICROCHANNELS HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICON FILM IRRADIATED BY PICO TO FEMTOSECOND LASERS MICROSCALE EVAPORATION HEAT TRANSFER ULTRA-THIN FILM EVAPORATION(UTF)-APPLICATION TO EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN COOLING OF MICROELECTRONICS BINARY–FLUID HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN MICROCHANNEL GEOMETRIES FOR F MINIATURIZED THERMALLY ACTIVATED ABSORPTION HEAT PUMPS HETEROGENEOUS CRYSTALLIZATION OF AMORPHOUS SILICON ACCELERATED BY EXTERNAL FORCE FIELD: MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY HIERARCHICAL MODELING OF THERMAL TRANSPORT FROM NANO-TO-MACROSCALES EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER ON HORIZONTAL POROUS TUBE MICRO AND MINIATURE HEAT PIPES ROLE OF MICROSCALE HEAT TRANSFER IN UNDERSTANDING FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER AND ITS ENHANCEMENT HEAT TRANSFER ISSUES IN CRYOGENIC CATHETERS SORPTION HEAT PIPE - A NEW DEVICE FOR THERMAL CONTROL AND ACTIVE COOLING THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF HARSH-ENVIRONMENT ELECTRONICS THERMAL TRANSPORT PHENOMENON IN MICRO FILM HEATED BY LASER HEAT SOURCE SINGLE-PHASE FORCED CONVECTION IN MICROCHANNELS A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW 1 INTRODUCTION WITH THE RECENT ADVANCES IN MICROFABRICATION, VARIOUS DEVICES HAVING DIMENSIONS OF THE OR- DER OF MICRONS SUCH AS, AMONG OTHERS, MICRO-HEAT SINKS, MICRO-BIOCHIPS, MICRO-REACTORS FOR MODI?CATION AND SEPARATION OF BIOLOGICAL CELLS, MICRO-MOTORS, MICRO-VALVES AND MICRO-FUEL CELLS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED THESE FOUND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN MICROELECTRONICS, MICROSCALE SENSING AND MEASUREMENT, SPACECRAFT THERMAL CONTROL, BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROELECTROMECHAN- ICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS), AS WELL AS IN SCIENTI?C INVESTIGATIONS THE TREND OF MINIATURIZATION, ESPECIALLY IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, HAS SIGNI?CANTLY INCREASED THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OVERHEATING OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICS) WITH EXISTING HEAT ?UX LEVELS EXCEEDING 100 W/CM2, NEW THERMAL PACKAGING SYSTEMS INCORPORATING E?ECTIVE THERMAL CONTROL TECH NIQUES HAVE BECOME MANDATORY FOR SUCH APPLICATIONS THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THERMAL PACKAGING HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED BY BAR-COHEN [5], AND EXPERIMENTAL, AS WELL AS ANALYTICAL METHODS HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY A NUMBER OF RESEARCHERS IN COOLING OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS, EDITED BY KAKAC ET AL [16] ¸ THE NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF E?CIENT AND E?ECTIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES FOR MI- CROCHIPS HAS INITIATED EXTENSIVE RESEARCH INTEREST IN MICROCHANNEL HEAT TRANSFER MI- CROCHANNEL HEAT SINKS HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED TO BE THE ULTIMATE SOLUTION FOR REMOVING HIGH RATES OF HEAT IN MICROSCALE SYSTEMS A MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINK IS A STRUCTURE WITH MANY MICROSCALE CHANNELS MACHINED ON THE ELECTRICALLY INACTIVE FACE OF THE MICROCHIP THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINKS IS THEIR EXTREMELY HIGH HEAT TRANSFER AREA PER UNIT VOLUME SINCE MICROCHANNELS OF NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTIONS ARE USUALLY INTEGRATED IN SILICON-BASE MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINKS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THE ?UID ?OW AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN THESE CHANNELS FOR BETTER DESIGN OF THE SYSTEMS MOREOVER, THE KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS LIKE THE PUMPING PRESSURE FOR THE COOLANT ?UID, ?UID ?OW RATE, ?UID AND CHANNEL WALL TEMPERATURES, CHANNEL HYDRAULIC DIAMETER AND THE NUMBER OF CHANNELS IN THE SINK HAVE FURTHER TO BE OPTIMIZED TO MAKE THE SYSTEM E?CIENT AND ECONOMICAL 2 MOTIVATIONS THE USE OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN MICROCHANNELS TO COOL MICROCHIPS HAS BEEN PROPOSED OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES MANY ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, INVOLVING BOTH LIQUIDS AND GASES, HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT TO GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ?UID ?OW AND HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA AT THE MICRO LEVEL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT MANY MICROCHANNEL ?UID ?OW AND HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY THE CONVENTIONAL THEORIES OF TRANSPORT THEORY, WHICH ARE BASED ON THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESES FOR FRICTION FACTORS AND NUSSELT NUMBERS,