PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

By JOHN ANDERSON

1 Polymer characterization 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Synthetic routes to polymers 2 3 Molecular weight determination 4 4 Composition and microstructure 7 5 Optical microscopy 9 6 Electron microscopy 11 7 Analytical microscopy 14 8 Scanning probe microscopy 16 9 Thermal analysis 18 10 Molecular relaxation spectroscopy 21 11 X-ray and neutron scattering methods 24 12 Conclusions 32 References 33 2 General procedures in chain-growth polymerization 43 1 Introduction 43 2 Free-radical chain polymerization 44 3 Anionic polymerization 67 4 Ring-opening polymerizations initiated by anionic reagents 83 5 Coordination polymers 90 6 Conclusions 95 References 95 3 Controlled/‘living’ polymerization methods 99 1 Introduction 99 2 Covalent ‘living’ polymerization: group transfer polymerization 101 3 Controlled free-radical polymerizations mediated by nitroxides 109 4 Controlled free-radical polymerizations: atom transfer free-radical polymerizations (ATRP) and aqueous ATRP 116 References 123 4 Step-growth polymerization—basics and development of new materials 126 1 Introduction 126 2 The synthesis of an aromatic polyamide 127 3 Preparation of a main-chain liquid crystalline poly(ester ether) with a flexible side-chain 130 4 Non-periodic crystallization from a side-chain bearing copolyester 135 5 A comparison of melt polymerization of an aromatic di-acid containing an ethyleneglycol spacer with polymerization in a solvent and dispersion in an inorganic medium 138 References 143 5 The formation of cyclic oligomers during step-growth polymerization 145 1 Introduction 145 2 Synthesis and extraction of cyclic oligomers of poly(ether ketone) 146 3 Synthesis of some sulfone-linked paracyclophanes from macrocyclic thioethers 152 4 Summary 156 References 156 6 The synthesis of conducting polymers based on heterocyclic compounds 158 1 Introduction 158 2 Electrochemical synthesis 159 3 Synthesis of polypyrrole 163 4 Synthesis of polyaniline 178 5 Synthesis of polythiophene 181 6 Conclusions 186 References 186 7 Some examples of dendrimer synthesis 188 1 Introduction 188 2 Excess reagent method 190 3 Protection–deprotection method 193 References 199 8 New methodologies in the preparation of imprinted polymers 201 1 Introduction 201 2 Sacrificial spacer approach 203 3 Preparation of bacteria-imprinted polymers 210 References 214 9 Liquid crystalline polymers 215 1 Introduction 215 2 Synthesis of an acrylate-based liquid crystal polymer 217 3 The hydrosilylation reaction: a useful procedure for the preparation of a variety of side-chain polymers 225 4 Photochemical preparation of liquid crystalline elastomers with a memory of the aligned cholesteric phase 229 5 Defining permanent memory of macroscopic global alignment in liquid crystal elastomers 234 6 Summary 244 References 244