CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE CONTENTS 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE DISCOVERING THE ELECTRON DISCOVERING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ATOMIC AND MASS NUMBERS ISOTOPES COUNTING ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2 MOLES AND EQUATIONS COUNTING CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN BULK CALCULATION OF EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS BALANCING IONIC EQUATIONS CALCULATIONS INVOLVING CONCENTRATIONS AND GAS VOLUMES 3 ACIDS ACIDS AND BASES MAKING SALTS ANHYDROUS AND HYDRATED SALTS 4 REDOX OXIDATION NUMBERS AND OXIDATION STATES OXIDATION NUMBERS IN COMPOUND NAMES METALS AND NON-METALS 5 ELECTRON STRUCTURE ELECTRONS IN ATOMS IONISATION ENERGY ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS 6 BONDING AND STRUCTURE IONIC BONDING COVALENT BONDING SHAPES OF SIMPLE MOLECULES METALLIC BONDING INTERMOLECULAR FORCES 7 PERIODICITY FINDING PERIODIC PATTERNS VERSIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS PERIODIC PATTERNS OF FIRST IONISATION ENERGIES SUCCESSIVE IONISATION ENERGIES AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 8 GROUP GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROUP 2 ELEMENTS REACTIONS OF GROUP 2 ELEMENTS CHALK AND LIME CHEMISTRY 9 GROUP GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROUP 7 ELEMENTS THE REACTIVITY OF THE HALOGENS: DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS DISPROPORTIONATION REACTIONS OF CHLORINE 10 BASIC CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TYPES OF FORMULAE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS MOLECULAR MODELLING NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ISOMERISM WHAT IS A REACTION MECHANISM? PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES CONTENTS 11 ALKANES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES FUELS ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL FUELS THE SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF ALKANES 12 ALKENES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES BONDING IN ALKENES: ? AND ? BONDS Z / E (CIS/TRANS) ISOMERISM CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF ALKENES POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES 13 ALCOHOLS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY FERMENTATION AND DISTILLATION THE REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS THE USES OF ALCOHOLS 14 HALOGENOALKANES THE CLASSIFICATION OF HALOGENOALKANES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION CHEMISTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 15 MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES STRUCTURAL IDENTIFICATION USING INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY MASS SPECTROMETRY 16 ENTHALPY CHANGES ENERGY TRANSFER: EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS ENERGY IS CONSERVED ENTHALPY AND ENTHALPY CHANGES BOND MAKING, BOND BREAKING AND ENTHALPY CHANGE MEASURING ENERGY TRANSFERS AND ENTHALPY CHANGES ENTHALPY CHANGES BY DIFFERENT ROUTES: HESS’S LAW 17 RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM SPEED, RATES AND REACTIONS THE COLLISION THEORY OF REACTIVITY CATALYSIS EQUILIBRIUM CHANGING CONDITIONS: LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE AN EQUILIBRIUM OF IMPORTANCE: THE HABER PROCESS 18 CHEMISTRY OF THE AIR AND ‘GREEN CHEMISTRY’ ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND CLIMATE CHANGE CHEMICAL BALANCE IN THE STRATOSPHERE CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION GREEN CHEMISTRY