THE PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL PROCESSES ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS UNITS OF CONCENTRATION ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY SOILS AND WATERS THE ENVIRONMENT AS A WHOLE REFERENCES CHAPTER CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE SOURCES OF TRACE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE INITIATION OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY BY LIGHT TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY TROPOSPHERIC OXIDATION CHEMISTRY NITROGEN OXIDES AND THE PHOTOSTATIONARY STATE PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION OF OZONE ROLE OF HYDROCARBONS URBAN CHEMISTRY NIGHT-TIME OXIDATION CHEMISTRY OZONE-ALKENE CHEMISTRY SULFUR CHEMISTRY HALOGEN CHEMISTRY TROPOSPHERIC HALOGENS AND CATALYTIC DESTRUCTION OF OZONE 2 10 STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY THE ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE 2 11 SUMMARY QUESTIONS CHEMISTRY OF FRESHWATERS FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY DISSOLUTION/PRECIPITATION REACTIONS COMPLEXATION REACTIONS IN FRESHWATERS SPECIES DISTRIBUTION IN FRESHWATERS MODELLING AQUATIC SYSTEMS CASE STUDIES ACIDI?CATION METALS AND METALLOIDS IN WATER HISTORICAL POLLUTION RECORDS AND PERTURBATORY PROCESSES IN LAKES NUTRIENTS IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS ORGANIC MATTER AND ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN WATER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS FURTHER READING CHEMISTRY OF THE OCEANS THE OCEAN AS A BIOGEOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT PROPERTIES OF WATER AND SEAWATER SALINITY CONCEPTS OCEANIC CIRCULATION SEAWATER COMPOSITION AND CHEMISTRY MAJOR CONSTITUENTS DISSOLVED GASES NUTRIENTS TRACE ELEMENTS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SPECIATION SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND MARINE SEDIMENTS DESCRIPTION OF SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY COMPONENTS SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF PARTICLES DIAGENESIS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN ESTUARIES MARINE CONTAMINATION AND POLLUTION OIL SLICKS PLASTIC DEBRIS TRIBUTYLTIN THE CHEMISTRY OF THE SOLID EARTH MINERAL COMPONENTS OF SOIL INPUTS PRIMARY MINERALS SECONDARY MINERALS WEATHERING PROCESSES (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 3) ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF SOIL SOIL PH AND REDOX POTENTIAL PH AND BU?ERING SOIL ACIDITY SOIL ALKALINITY IN?UENCE OF PH ON SOILS REDOX POTENTIAL REDUCTION PROCESSES IN SOIL CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOIL REACTIONS IN SOIL SOLUTION ION EXCHANGE (PHYSISORPTION) LIGAND EXCHANGE (CHEMISORPTION) COMPLEXATION/CHELATION PRECIPITATION/DISSOLUTION SOIL PROCESSES ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY THE DIVERSITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS THE FATE OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS CHEMICAL PARTITIONING IMPORTANT PARTITIONING COE?CIENTS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE PARTITION MAPS CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION AND DEGRADATION CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION THROUGH PHOTOCHEMISTRY LIGHT ABSORPTION AND THE BEER-LAMBERT LAW PHOTOLYSIS IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS (BFRS) CONCLUSIONS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF CHEMICALS INTRODUCTION: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS LIFETIMES RATES OF TRANSFER BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS AIR–LAND EXCHANGE AIR–SEA EXCHANGE TRANSFER IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES CASE STUDY 1: THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF NITROGEN CASE STUDY 2: ASPECTS OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF LEAD BEHAVIOUR OF LONG-LIVED ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT