THE AMATEUR CHEMIST
1 Introduction 1 Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook5 2 Laboratory Safety9 Laboratory Safety Rules We Recommend 10 3 Equipping a Home Chemistry Lab13 General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware 14 Volumetric Glassware22 Microscale Equipment26 Recommended Laboratory Glassware28 Laboratory Equipment and Supplies 30 Work Area 41 4 Chemicals for the Home Chemistry Lab 45 Chemical Names46 Chemical Grades47 Chemical Risk Factors and Safety Advice48 Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols52 Safe Chemical Handling52 Chemicals Used In This Book58 5 Mastering Laboratory Skills 69 Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures69 Handling Chemicals Properly 71 Using a Balance73 Measuring Liquids by Volume 74 Filtration83 Separations84 Using Heat Sources85 Working with Glass Tubing88 Cleaning Glassware 90 Contents 6 Laboratory: Separating Mixtures 93 Laboratory 61: Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and Sucrose94 Laboratory 62: Distillation: Purify Ethanol97 Laboratory 63: Recrystallization: Purify Copper Sulfate 101 Laboratory 64: Solvent Extraction105 Laboratory 65: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures108 Laboratory 66: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate116 7 Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions 121 Laboratory 71: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Solid Chemical126 Laboratory 72: Make Up a Molal Solution of a Solid Chemical 133 Laboratory 73: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Liquid Chemical 136 Laboratory 74: Make Up a Mass-to-Volume Percentage Solution140 Laboratory 75: Determine Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry 142 8 Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions147 Laboratory 81: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation 149 Laboratory 82: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression 153 Laboratory 83: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure156 9 Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry161 Laboratory 91: Observe a Composition Reaction 163 Laboratory 92: Observe a Decomposition Reaction 167 Laboratory 93: Observe a Single Displacement Reaction171 Laboratory 94: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction 175 Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions 181 Laboratory 101: Reduction of Copper Ore to Copper Metal183 Laboratory 102: Observe the Oxidation States of Manganese186 Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry 191 Laboratory 111: Determine the Effect of Concentration on pH193 Laboratory 112: Determine the pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions198 Laboratory 113: Observe the Characteristics of a Buffer Solution200 Laboratory 114: Standardize a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration 204 Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics 211 Laboratory 121: Determine the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 212 Laboratory 122: Determine the Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate216 Laboratory 123: Determine the Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate219 Laboratory 124: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rate 223 10 11 12 Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle 229 Laboratory 131: Observe Le Chatelier’s Principle in Action 231 Laboratory 132: Quantify the Common Ion Effecct 236 Laboratory 133: Determine a Solubility Product Constant 239 Laboratory: Gas Chemistry 245 Laboratory 141: Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law) 248 Laboratory 142: Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law) 253 Laboratory 143: Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Gay-Lussac’s Law)257 Laboratory 144: Use the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in Vinegar 260 Laboratory 145: Determine Molar Mass From Vapor Density 264 Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry269 Laboratory 151: Determine Heat of Solution 271 Laboratory 152: Determine the Heat of Fusion of Ice274 Laboratory 153: Determine the Specific Heat of a Metal276 Laboratory 154: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a Reaction 280 Laboratory: Electrochemistry 285 Laboratory 161: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water287 Laboratory 162: Observe the Electrochemical Oxidation of Iron291 Laboratory 163: Measure Electrode Potentials 294 Laboratory 164: Observe Energy Transformation (Voltage and Current) 298 Laboratory 165: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two Half Cells301 Laboratory 166: Build a Battery 304 Laboratory: Photochemistry309 Laboratory 171: Photochemical Reaction of Iodine and Oxalate310 Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions 317 Laboratory 181: Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions 321 Laboratory 182: Produce Firefighting Foam324 Laboratory 183: Prepare a Gelled Sol 326 Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis331 Laboratory 191: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate Metal Ions332 Laboratory 192: Use Borax Bead Tests to Discriminate Metal Ions 336 Laboratory 193: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Anions 339 Laboratory 194: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Cations 343 Laboratory 195: Qualitative Analysis of Bone 349 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Laboratory: Quantitative Analysis 355 Laboratory 201: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration 356 Laboratory 202: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine Bleach by Redox Titration 360 Laboratory 203: Quantitative Anion Analysis of Seawater 365 Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds373 Laboratory 211: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate from Aspirin374 Laboratory 212: Produce Rayon Fiber 380 Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry 385 Laboratory 221: Use the Sherlock Holmes Test to Detect Blood 386 Laboratory 222: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit Drugs 389 Laboratory 223: Reveal Latent Fingerprints 395 Laboratory 224: Perform the Marsh Test 399