PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF MACROMOLECULES
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION COLLOIDS, MACROMOLECULES, SYNTHETIC POLYMERS, BIOLOGICAL POLYMERS, MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE, REFERENCES, SYNTHESES OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS RADICAL POLYMERIZATION, COMPLICATIONS, METHODS OF FREE-RADICAL POLYMERIZATION, SOME WELL-KNOWN OVERALL REACTIONS OF ADDITION POLYMERS, IONIC POLYMERIZATION, ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION, CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION, LIVING POLYMERS, COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION, STEPWISE POLYMERIZATION, KINETICS OF THE SYNTHESES OF POLYMERS, CONDENSATION REACTIONS, CHAIN REACTIONS, POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS, SYNTHESIS OF INSULIN, SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEUS, DNA SYNTHESIS, PROBLEMS, DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT REVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS, BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, POISSON DISTRIBUTION, GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION, ONE-PARAMETER EQUATION, CONDENSATION POLYMERS, ADDITION POLYMERS, TWO-PARAMETER EQUATIONS, NORMAL DISTRIBUTION, LOGARITHM NORMAL DISTRIBUTION, TYPES OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT, EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, MACROMOLECULAR THERMODYNAMICS REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS, S OF MIXING: FLORY THEORY, H OF MIXING, COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY, CONTACT ENERGY (FIRST-NEIGHBOR INTERACTION OR ENERGY DUE TO CONTACT), G OF MIXING, PARTIAL MOLAR QUANTITIES, PARTIAL SPECI?C VOLUME, CHEMICAL POTENTIAL, THERMODYNAMICS OF DILUTE POLYMER SOLUTIONS, VAPOR PRESSURE, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, APPENDIX: THERMODYNAMICS AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA, CHAIN CON?GURATIONS PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF A POLYMER CHAIN, RANDOM WALK AND THE MARKOV PROCESS, RANDOM WALK, MARKOV CHAIN, RANDOM-FLIGHT CHAINS, WORMLIKE CHAINS, FLORY’S MEAN-FIELD THEORY, PERTURBATION THEORY, FIRST-ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY, CLUSTER EXPANSION METHOD, CHAIN CROSSOVER AND CHAIN ENTANGLEMENT, CONCENTRATION EFFECT, TEMPERATURE EFFECT, TUBE THEORY (REPTATION THEORY), IMAGES OF INDIVIDUAL POLYMER CHAINS, SCALING AND UNIVERSALITY, APPENDIX A SCALING CONCEPTS, APPENDIX B CORRELATION FUNCTION, LIQUID CRYSTALS MESOGENS, POLYMERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS, LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT LIQUID CRYSTALS, MAIN-CHAIN LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS, SIDE-CHAIN LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS, SEGMENTED-CHAIN LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS, SHAPES OF MESOGENS, LIQUID-CRYSTAL PHASES, MESOPHASES IN GENERAL, NEMATIC PHASE, SMECTIC PHASE, SMECTIC A AND C, COMPOUNDS REPRESENTING SOME MESOPHASES, SHAPE AND PHASE, DECREASING ORDER AND H OF PHASE TRANSITION, THERMOTROPIC AND LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS, KERR EFFECT, THEORIES OF LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE ORDERING, RIGID-ROD MODEL, LATTICE MODEL, DE GENNE’S FLUCTUATION THEORY, CURRENT INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS, LIQUID CRYSTALS DISPLAYS, ELECTRONIC DEVICES, RUBBER ELASTICITY RUBBER AND RUBBERLIKE MATERIALS, NETWORK STRUCTURE, NATURAL RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER, THERMODYNAMICS OF RUBBER, STATISTICAL THEORY OF RUBBER ELASTICITY, GELS, VISCOSITY AND VISCOELASTICITY VISCOSITY, CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS, INTRINSIC VISCOSITY, TREATMENT OF INTRINSIC VISCOSITY DATA, STOKES’ LAW, THEORIES IN RELATION TO INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF FLEXIBLE CHAINS, CHAIN ENTANGLEMENT, BIOLOGICAL POLYMERS (RIGID POLYMERS, IN?EXIBLE CHAINS), VISCOELASTICITY, ROUSE THEORY, ZIMM THEORY, OSMOTIC PRESSURE OSMOMETERS, DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SECOND VIRIAL COEF?CIENT, THEORIES OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND OSMOTIC SECOND VIRIAL COEF?CIENT, MCMILLAN–MAYER THEORY, FLORY THEORY, FLORY–KRIGBAUM THEORY, KURATA–YAMAKAWA THEORY, DES CLOIZEAUX–DE GENNES SCALING THEORY, SCATCHARD’S EQUATION FOR MACRO IONS, APPENDIX A ENSEMBLES, APPENDIX B PARTITION FUNCTIONS, APPENDIX C MEAN-FIELD THEORY AND RENORMALIZATION GROUP THEORY, APPENDIX D LAGRANGIAN THEORY, APPENDIX E GREEN’S FUNCTION, DIFFUSION TRANSLATIONAL DIFFUSION, FICK’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS, SOLUTION TO CONTINUITY EQUATION, PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF DIFFUSION: EINSTEIN’S EQUATION OF DIFFUSION, SIZE, SHAPE, AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS, SIZE, SHAPE, MOLECULAR WEIGHT, CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE OF DIFFUSION COEF?CIENT, SCALING RELATION FOR TRANSLATIONAL DIFFUSION COEF?CIENT, MEASUREMENTS OF TRANSLATIONAL DIFFUSION COEF?CIENT, MEASUREMENT BASED ON FICK’S FIRST LAW, MEASUREMENT BASED ON FICK’S SECOND LAW, ROTATIONAL DIFFUSION, FLOW BIREFRINGENCE, FLUORESCENCE DEPOLARIZATION, SEDIMENTATION APPARATUS, SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY, MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENTATION COEF?CIENTS: MOVING-BOUNDARY METHOD, SVEDBERG EQUATION, APPLICATION OF SEDIMENTATION COEF?CIENT, SEDIMENTATION EQUILIBRIUM, ARCHIBALD METHOD, VAN HOLDE–BALDWIN (LOW-SPEED) METHOD, YPHANTIS (HIGH-SPEED) METHOD, ABSORPTION SYSTEM, DENSITY GRADIENT SEDIMENTATION EQUILIBRIUM, SCALING THEORY, OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM POLARIZED LIGHT, OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION, CIRCULAR DICHROISM, COTTON EFFECT, CORRELATION BETWEEN ORD AND CD, COMPARISON OF ORD AND CD, HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORESIS HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, CHROMATOGRAPHIC TERMS AND PARAMETERS, THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY, TYPES OF HPLC, ELECTROPHORESIS, BASIC THEORY, GENERAL TECHNIQUES OF MODERN ELECTROPHORESIS, AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS, SOUTHERN BLOT, NORTHERN BLOT, AND WESTERN BLOT, SEQUENCING DNA FRAGMENTS, ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING AND ISOTACHOPHORESIS, FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION, LIGHT SCATTERING RAYLEIGH SCATTERING, FLUCTUATION THEORY (DEBYE), DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR INTERACTION, TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS, MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS, COPOLYMERS, CORRECTION OF ANISOTROPY AND DEPORALIZATION OF SCATTERED LIGHT, INTERNAL INTERFERENCE, DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND RADIUS OF GYRATION OF THE ZIMM PLOT, APPENDIX EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES OF THE ZIMM PLOT, FOURIER SERIES PRELIMINARIES, FOURIER SERIES, BASIC FOURIER SERIES, FOURIER SINE SERIES, FOURIER COSINE SERIES, COMPLEX FOURIER SERIES, OTHER FORMS OF FOURIER SERIES, CONVERSION OF IN?NITE SERIES INTO INTEGRALS, FOURIER INTEGRALS, FOURIER TRANSFORMS, FOURIER TRANSFORM PAIRS, CONVOLUTION, DE?NITION, CONVOLUTION THEOREM, CONVOLUTION AND FOURIER THEORY: POWER THEOREM, EXTENSION OF FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM, LORENTZ LINE SHAPE, CORRELATION FUNCTION, DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM, DISCRETE AND INVERSE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM, APPLICATION OF DFT, FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM, APPENDIX, SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING, NEUTRON SCATTERING, AND LASER LIGHT SCATTERING SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING, GUINIER PLOT, ON SIZE AND SHAPE OF PROTEINS, SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING, SIX TYPES OF NEUTRON SCATTERING, THEORY, DYNAMICS OF A POLYMER SOLUTION, COHERENTLY ELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING, COMPARISON OF SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING WITH LIGHT SCATTERING, CONTRAST FACTOR, LORENTZIAN SHAPE, NEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY, LASER LIGHT SCATTERING, LASER LIGHT-SCATTERING EXPERIMENT, AUTOCORRELATION AND POWER SPECTRUM, MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSION COEF?CIENT IN GENERAL, APPLICATION TO STUDY OF POLYMERS IN SEMIDILUTE SOLUTIONS, MEASUREMENT OF LAG TIMES, FORCED RAYLEIGH SCATTERING, LINEWIDTH ANALYSIS, ELECTRONIC AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ULTRAVIOLET (AND VISIBLE) ABSORPTION SPECTRA, LAMBERT–BEER LAW, TERMINOLOGY, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE PHENOMENA, EMISSION AND EXCITATION SPECTRA, QUENCHING, ENERGY TRANSFER, POLARIZATION AND DEPOLARIZATION, INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, ABSORPTION BANDS: STRETCHING AND BENDING, INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS, FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, PROTEIN MOLECULES PROTEIN SEQUENCE AND STRUCTURE, SEQUENCE, SECONDARY STRUCTURE, A-HELIX AND B-SHEET, CLASSI?CATION OF PROTEINS, TORSION ANGLES, TERTIARY STRUCTURE, QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE, PROTEIN STRUCTURE REPRESENTATIONS, REPRESENTATION SYMBOLS, REPRESENTATIONS OF WHOLE MOLECULE, PROTEIN FOLDING AND REFOLDING, COMPUTER SIMULATION, HOMOLOG MODELING, DE NOVO PREDICTION, PROTEIN MISFOLDING, BIOLOGICAL FACTOR: CHAPERONES, CHEMICAL FACTOR: INTRA- AND INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS, BRAIN DISEASES, GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS, RIBOSOMES: SITE AND FUNCTION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE GENERAL PRINCIPLES, MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC MOMENT, MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI, RESONANCE, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, CHEMICAL SHIFT (D) AND SPIN–SPIN COUPLING CONSTANT (J), RELAXATION PROCESSES, SPIN–LATTICE RELAXATION AND SPIN–SPIN RELAXATION, NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RELAXATION AND OVERHAUSER EFFECT, NMR SPECTROSCOPY, PULSE FOURIER TRANSFORM METHOD, ROTATING FRAME OF REFERENCE, THE 90 PULSE, ONE-DIMENSIONAL NMR, TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, NMR SPECTRA OF MACROMOLECULES, POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE), POLYPROPYLENE, DEUTERIUM NMR SPECTRA OF CHAIN MOBILITY IN POLYETHYLENE, TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTRA OF POLY-G-BENZYL-L-GLUTAMATE, ADVANCES IN NMR SINCE 1994, TECHNIQUES, COMPUTER-AIDED EXPERIMENTS, MODELING OF CHEMICAL SHIFT, PROTEIN STRUCTURE DETERMINATION, INCREASING MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF PROTEINS FOR NMR STUDY, TWO EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN NMR, A MEMBRANE PROTEIN, A BRAIN PROTEIN: PRION, X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY X-RAY DIFFRACTION, CRYSTALS, MILLER INDICES, HKL, UNIT CELLS OR CRYSTAL SYSTEMS, CRYSTAL DRAWING, SYMMETRY IN CRYSTALS, BRAVAIS LATTICES, POINT GROUP AND SPACE GROUP, POINT GROUPS, INTERPRETATION OF STEREOGRAM, SPACE GROUPS, FOURIER SYNTHESIS, ATOMIC SCATTERING FACTOR, STRUCTURE FACTOR, FOURIER SYNTHESIS OF ELECTRON DENSITY, PHASE PROBLEM, PATTERSON SYNTHESIS, DIRECT METHOD (KARLE–HAUPTMANN APPROACH), RE?NEMENT, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MACROMOLECULES, DNA, ADVANCES IN X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY SINCE 1994, X-RAY SOURCES, NEW INSTRUMENTS, STRUCTURES OF PROTEINS, COMPARISON OF X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY WITH NMR SPECTROSCOPY, PROTEIN EXAMPLES: POLYMERSE AND ANTHRAX,