INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY

By W. BENAK

Chapter 1 Role of Metal Ions in Biology: An Overview 1 Introduction 1 Essential Elements for Human System 3 Classification of Elements according to their Biological Function 4 Why Only Certain Elements are Essential? 6 Biological Ligands 9 Metallobiomolecules 20 Metal Deficiency and Toxicity 23 Toxic Effects of Mercury 25 Toxic Effects of Cadmium 26 Toxic Effects of Lead 27 Toxic Effects of Arsenic 27 Toxic Effects of Thallium 28 Conclusion 29 References 29 Chapter 2 Basic Principles of Coordination Chemistry 32 Introduction 32 Hard?Soft Acid?Base Concepts 32 Chelate Effect 33 Ionic Radii 34 pKa Value of Coordinated Ligands 34 Substitution Reactions 35 Electronic and Geometric Structure of Metal in Biological Systems 38 Conclusions 45 References 46 Chapter 3 Biochemistry of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals 47 Introduction 47 Sodium – Potassium Pump 49 Mechanism 49 Inhibitor 51 Structure 51 Schematic Prospect 53 Photosystem I and II 54 Calcium 56 Conclusions 58 References 58 Chapter 4 Biological Relevance of Iron: Uptake, Electron Transfer and Transport 59 Introduction 59 Basics of Myoglobin and Hemoglobin 61 Hemoglobin and Myoglobin 62 Hemerythrin 65 Relative Affinity and Efficiency of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin for Oxygen 69 Cooperative Effect 71 Cooperativity Effect in Hemoglobin 71 Hill Equation 73 Bohr Effect 78 Effect of Carbon Monoxide 80 Rubredoxins 81 [3Fe?4S] Clusters 83 [4Fe?4S] Ferredoxin 83 Nitrogen Fixation 83 Basic of Mo?Fe Protein 87 P?Cluster 88 Ferritin 91 Transferrin 93 Siderophores 95 Peroxidase 97 Cytochrome P?450 98 Conclusions 100 References 101 Chapter 5 Role of Cobalt in Biology 103 Introduction 103 Distribution and Bioavailability of Cobalt in Biological Systems 103 Historical Background of Cobalt as Biologically Important Metal 104 Structural Features of Cobalamin 105 Cobalt?Corrin Ring Couple 107 Cobalt Deficiency and Toxicity 110 Conclusions 111 References 111 Chapter 6 Biochemistry of Nickel 113 Introduction 113 Urease 114 Hydrogenase 118 CODHs 119 Acetyl?CoA Synthase (ACS) 123 Conclusions 125 References 126 Chapter 7 Bioinorganic Prospect of Copper?Containing Enzymes 127 Introduction 127 Classification of Copper Enzymes 130 Conclusions 143 References 144 Chapter 8 Biochemistry of Zinc 145 Introduction 145 Rational Characteristic of Zinc Effectiveness for Biological System 147 Carbonic Anhydrase 149 Mechanism 150 Carboxy Peptidase 151 Structure of Thermolysin 153 Mechanism 154 Mechanism A 154 Mechanism B 155 Zinc Fingers 155 Conclusions 158 References 158 Chapter 9 Metal Ions in Diagnostics and Therapeutics 160 Introduction 160 Unique Functions of Metal Ions in Medicine 161 Possible Bio?Targets for Metallodrugs 165 Activation of Metallodrugs/Prodrug Molecule 168 Metals in Medicine 177 Nuclear Medicine 188 Role of Nanomaterials in Therapeutics and Diagnostics 193 Conclusion 194 References 195 Chapter 10 Biomineralization 199 Introduction 199 Biomineralization vs Inorganic Synthesis 200 Major Elements Involved in Biomineralization 201 Amorphous and Crystalline Biominerals 203 Mechanism of Biomineralization 205 Types of Biomineralization 206 Role of Organic Molecules in Biomineralization 209 Bio?Inspired Synthesis 218 References 221