CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR EQUATIONS
CONTENTS PART I TRANSPORT FUNDAMENTALS AND 1-D SYSTEMS CHAPTER INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA PRELIMINARY ASSUMPTIONS EQUILIBRIUM FOUNDATIONS DE?NING EQUILIBRIUM FLUID STATICS PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC FLUID: MANOMETERS BUOYANCY AND STABILITY FLUIDS IN RIGID BODY MOTION PROBLEMS MANOMETERS ATMOSPHERIC/HYDRAULIC PRESSURES SPECI?C GRAVITY AND BUOYANCY RIGID BODY ACCELERATION REFERENCES CHAPTER FLOWS, GRADIENTS, AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES MOMENTUM TRANSPORT: NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY ENERGY TRANSPORT: FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION MASS TRANSPORT: FICK’S LAW OF DIFFUSION CHARGE TRANSPORT: OHM’S LAW OF CONDUCTION DRIVING FORCE: RESISTANCE CONCEPTS FLUX LAWS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS MECHANISTIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TRANSPORT PHENOMENA PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FLUXES MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS CHARGE 2 10 FAILURE OF THE LINEAR FLUX: GRADIENT LAWS 2 10 1 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS 2 10 2 NON-OHMIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 2 11 SUMMARY MOMENTUM TRANSPORT MASS TRANSPORT HEAT TRANSPORT CHARGE TRANSPORT TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS VISCOSITY OF GASES KINETIC THEORY DEVELOPMENT KINETIC THEORY CHAPMAN–ENSKOG THEORY VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS: FREE VOLUME THEORY VISCOSITY OF SUSPENSIONS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS DIELECTRIC MATERIALS METALLIC SOLIDS DIFFUSIVITY OF GASES DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS 3 10 CONDUCTIVITY, MOBILITY, AND RESISTIVITY 3 10 1 IONIC MOBILITY AND CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS 3 10 2 CHARGE MOBILITY, CONDUCTIVITY, AND RESISTIVITY IN SOLIDS 3 11 SUMMARY VISCOSITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DIFFUSIVITY CONDUCTIVITY AND MOBILITY 1-D, STEADY-STATE, DIFFUSIVE TRANSPORT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS CONVECTION PREVIEW EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS AND MASS TRANSFER COEF?CIENTS OVERALL MASS TRANSFER COEF?CIENTS RADIATION PREVIEW BOUNDARY CONDITION CATALOG 1-D, STEADY-STATE DIFFUSIVE TRANSPORT MOMENTUM TRANSPORT: FLUID FLOW ENERGY TRANSPORT: HEAT TRANSFER COMPOSITE MEDIA PLANAR SYSTEMS CYLINDRICAL SYSTEMS SPHERICAL SYSTEMS VARIABLE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, COUPLED TRANSPORT, AND MULTIPLE FLUXES COMPOSITION-DEPENDENT DIFFUSIVITY FORCED IONIC DIFFUSION SUMMARY GENERATION GENERATION IN TRANSPORT PROCESSES GENERATION ON THE BOUNDARY: BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ENERGY TRANSPORT ONE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT WITH GENERATION AT THE BOUNDARY DIFFUSION WITH HETEROGENEOUS REACTION HEAT TRANSFER WITH EVAPORATION CONSTANT GENERATION TERMS MOMENTUM TRANSPORT: FLOW BETWEEN INCLINED PLATES ENERGY TRANSPORT: JOULE HEATING IN AN INSULATED WIRE VARIABLE GENERATION AND COUPLED TRANSPORT SIMULTANEOUS DIFFUSION AND REACTION SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT: NATURAL CONVECTION DIFFUSION, GENERATION, AND RECOMBINATION IN A SEMICONDUCTOR DIFFUSION, DRIFT, AND RECOMBINATION ACCUMULATION LUMPED CAPACITANCE CHARGE TRANSPORT: CHARGE DECAY IN A CONDUCTOR ENERGY TRANSPORT: COOLING OF A BALL BEARING MASS TRANSPORT: ADSORPTION BY A PELLET INTERNAL GRADIENTS AND GENERALIZED SOLUTIONS SYSTEMS DOMINATED BY EXTERNAL CONVECTION ON THE BOUNDARY ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR TRANSIENT PROBLEMS INVOLVING GENERATION DIFFUSION AND REACTION IN A CYLINDER AEROCAPTURE SEMI-IN?NITE SYSTEMS FLUID FLOW NEXT TO A PLATE SUDDENLY SET INTO MOTION HEAT TRANSFER ANALOGS MASS TRANSFER ANALOGS MOVING BOUNDARY PROBLEMS TRANSIENT EVAPORATION THROUGH A STAGNANT VAPOR TRANSIENT ABSORPTION WITH INSTANTANEOUS REACTION MELTING AND SOLIDI?CATION TRAVELING WAVES AND FRONT PROPAGATION KIRKENDALL EFFECT PERIODIC FLOW IN A ROTATING CYLINDRICAL SYSTEM PULSATILE FLOW INTERNAL GRADIENTS CONSERVATIVE TRANSPORT AND WAVES WATER/TIDAL WAVES ACOUSTIC WAVES TIDAL WAVES SOUND WAVES GENERAL 1-D WAVES TRANSPORT ENHANCEMENT USING EXTENDED SURFACES HEAT TRANSFER: FINNED SURFACES RECTANGULAR FINS: CONSTANT CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA CYLINDRICAL FINS: CONSTANT CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA MASS TRANSFER: GILLS, LUNGS, ETC TRANSIENT RESPONSE DIFFUSION AND REACTION IN A CATALYST PELLET EXTERNAL MASS TRANSFER RESISTANCE THERMAL EFFECTS HEAT TRANSFER FINS MASS TRANSFER FINS CATALYSTS AND REACTION/DIFFUSION PART II MULTIDIMENSIONAL, CONVECTIVE, AND RADIATIVE TRANSPORT CHAPTER MULTIDIMENSIONAL EFFECTS, POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS, AND FIELDS LAPLACE’S EQUATION AND FIELDS REVISITING THE FIN PROBLEM SCALAR AND VECTOR FIELDS SOLUTIONS OF LAPLACE’S EQUATION CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES: DIFFUSION IN A VILLUS SPHERICAL COORDINATES: HEAT TRANSFER IN A HEMISPHERE LAPLACE EQUATION SOLUTIONS USING COMPLEX VARIABLES GENERATION, SOURCES, SINKS, AND POISSON’S EQUATION SOURCES, SINKS, AND GENERATION ON THE BOUNDARY POISSON’S EQUATION AND GENERATION GENERATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE TRANSIENT SYSTEMS PATTERN FORMATION LAPLACE’S EQUATION COMPLEX VARIABLE TRANSFORMATIONS, SOURCES, AND SINKS CHAPTER 10 CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT: MICROSCOPIC BALANCES 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 MOMENTUM TRANSPORT 10 2 1 CONTINUITY 10 2 2 MOMENTUM BALANCE 10 2 3 MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCE 10 2 4 VORTICITY EQUATION 10 3 ENERGY TRANSPORT 10 4 MASS TRANSPORT 10 5 CHARGE TRANSPORT 10 6 SUMMARY MASS AND CHARGE TRANSPORT CHAPTER 11 MACROSCOPIC OR ENGINEERING BALANCES 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 MACROSCOPIC CONTINUITY EQUATION 11 3 MACROSCOPIC MOMENTUM BALANCE 11 4 MACROSCOPIC MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCE: EXTENDED BERNOULLI’S EQUATION 11 5 MACROSCOPIC ENERGY BALANCE 11 6 MACROSCOPIC SPECIES CONTINUITY EQUATION 11 7 MACROSCOPIC CHARGED SPECIES CONTINUITY EQUATION 11 8 SUMMARY MASS, MOMENTUM, AND MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCES OVERALL ENERGY BALANCES SPECIES MASS BALANCES CHAPTER 12 CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT ON A FLAT PLATE (LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS) 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT COEF?CIENTS, CF, H, KC, AND K± 12 3 BOUNDARY LAYER DE?NITIONS 12 4 DERIVATION OF BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS 12 5 TRANSPORT ANALOGIES 12 5 1 REYNOLDS ANALOGY 12 5 2 CHILTON–COLBURN ANALOGY AND OTHERS 12 6 HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY LAYERS 12 6 1 FORCED CONVECTION, LAMINAR FLOW 12 6 2 MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW 12 7 THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYERS 12 7 1 FORCED CONVECTION, LAMINAR FLOW 12 7 2 FREE CONVECTION ON A VERTICAL PLATE 12 7 3 FILM CONDENSATION ON A VERTICAL PLATE 12 8 MASS TRANSFER BOUNDARY LAYERS 12 8 1 EFFECTS OF MASS TRANSFER RATE 12 8 1 1 HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY LAYER SOLUTION 12 8 2 EFFECT OF CHEMICAL REACTION 12 9 SIMPLI?ED IONIC BOUNDARY LAYERS 12 10 SUMMARY HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY LAYERS THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYERS CONCENTRATION/MASS TRANSFER BOUNDARY LAYERS CHAPTER 13 CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT: SYSTEMS WITH CURVATURE 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 FLOW OVER CYLINDERS 13 3 FLOW OVER SPHERES 13 4 VELOCITY PRO?LES IN TUBES 13 5 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER APPLICATIONS 13 5 1 TEMPERATURE/CONCENTRATION PRO?LES AND HEAT/MASS TRANSFER COEF?CIENTS 13 5 1 1 STEADY STATE: CONSTANT SURFACE HEAT FLUX 13 5 1 2 STEADY STATE: CONSTANT SURFACE TEMPERATURE 13 5 1 3 DEVELOPING PRO?LES 13 6 TAYLOR DISPERSION 13 6 1 EFFECT OF MOLECULAR DIFFUSION ON DISPERSION 13 7 SUMMARY GENERAL QUESTIONS EXTERNAL FLOW: MOMENTUM TRANSFER EXTERNAL FLOW: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER INTERNAL FLOW: HEAT TRANSFER INTERNAL FLOW: MASS TRANSFER CHAPTER 14 TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURE 14 3 TRANSPORT EQUATIONS IN TURBULENT FLOW 14 3 1 CONTINUITY AND MOMENTUM EQUATIONS 14 3 2 ENERGY AND SPECIES CONTINUITY EQUATIONS 14 4 REPRESENTING THE REYNOLDS FLUX COMPONENTS 14 4 1 BOUSSINESQ THEORY 14 4 2 PRANDTL MIXING LENGTH 14 4 3 VON KARMAN SIMILARITY ASSUMPTION 14 4 4 OTHER ASSORTED DESCRIPTIONS 14 4 5 NUMERICAL SIMULATION 14 5 FRICTION FACTORS AND OTHER TRANSPORT COEF?CIENTS 14 5 1 FRICTION FACTORS 14 5 2 HEAT TRANSFER COEF?CIENTS 14 5 3 MASS TRANSFER COEF?CIENTS 14 6 SUMMARY MOMENTUM TRANSFER AND DRAG HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER CHAPTER 15 RADIATIVE TRANSPORT 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 PRELIMINARY DE?NITIONS 15 3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND HEAT TRANSFER 15 4 ENERGY FLUXES IN RADIATIVE SYSTEMS 15 4 1 INCIDENT RADIATION: IRRADIATION 15 4 2 EMITTED RADIATION: RADIOSITY 15 5 BLACKBODY 15 5 1 EMISSIVE POWER OF A BLACKBODY 15 6 GRAYBODY 15 6 1 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW 15 7 VIEW FACTORS 15 7 1 VIEW FACTOR INTEGRAL 15 7 2 RELATIONS BETWEEN VIEW FACTORS 15 8 RADIATIVE ENERGY EXCHANGE 15 8 1 RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN BLACKBODIES 15 8 2 RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN GRAYBODIES 15 8 3 RADIATION SHIELDS 15 8 4 RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN THREE-SURFACE ENCLOSURES 15 9 SUMMARY GENERAL RADIATION PROPERTIES AND BLACKBODY RADIATION VIEW FACTORS RADIATIVE EXCHANGE