REACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARDS HANDBOOK
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL LABORATORY HAZARDS, SAFETY, AND TECHNIQUES OVERVIEW KEY DEFINITIONS LABORATORY HAZARDS SAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT SAFETY CULTURE SAFETY CYCLE RISK LEVELS RISK EVALUATION MATRIX HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ROUTES OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS NINE PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION SAFETY PROTOCOLS AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS SEPARATION TECHNIQUES ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CHAPTER GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY RULES LABORATORY HOUSEKEEPING HOUSEKEEPING METHODOLOGIES, THEORIES, AND PRINCIPLES HOUSEKEEPING PROCEDURES HOUSEKEEPING TIPS LABORATORY VISITORS RUNNING EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY WORKING ALONE AND AFTER-HOURS WORK PRACTICES THE FOUR PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY THE FOUR BASELINES OF SAFETY WHMIS IN THE LABORATORY WORKER EDUCATION AND TRAINING LABELING SUPPLIER LABELS WORKPLACE LABELS CONTAINER LABELS LABORATORY SAMPLE LABELS SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS) HAZARD CLASSIFICATION PURPOSE OF HAZARD CLASSIFICATION THE GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM (GHS) GHS HAZARD CLASSIFICATION GHS LABEL ELEMENTS DEFINITIONS OF CHEMICAL HAZARD CLASSES IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS HAZARD PICTOGRAMS HAZARD STATEMENTS WORKING WITH CHEMICALS HIGHLY TOXIC CHEMICALS FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS HIGHLY REACTIVE AND EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS ORGANIC PEROXIDES PYROPHORIC CHEMICALS WATER-REACTIVE CHEMICALS EXPLOSIVES (EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS) CORROSIVES COMPRESSED GASES CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS THE CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) STORAGE OF CHEMICALS GENERAL STORAGE REQUIREMENTS CHEMICAL SEGREGATION CHEMICALS AND COMPATIBILITY GROUPS PYROPHORICS FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OXIDIZERS TOXIC CHEMICALS (TOXICS) EXPLOSIVES CRYOGENS STORAGE LIMITATIONS STORAGE CABINETS AND SAFETY CANS FLAMMABLE STORAGE CABINETS SAFETY CANS CORROSIVE STORAGE CABINETS CHEMICAL INVENTORY CHEMICAL AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CHEMICAL LABORATORY WASTE MINIMIZING CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS WASTE HANDLING AND STORAGE LABELING HAZARDOUS WASTE PACKAGING HAZARDOUS WASTE SPECIAL WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE PICKUP RECORDKEEPING AND COMPLIANCE HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES ELIMINATION OR SUBSTITUTION ENGINEERING CONTROL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL (WORK HABITS CONTROL) PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT EYE AND FACE PROTECTION GLOVES AND HAND PROTECTION APRONS AND COATS FOR THE LAB RESPIRATORY PROTECTION SAFE WORK PRACTICES EMERGENCY SHOWERS AND EYEWASH STATIONS FIRE AND EXPLOSION SAFETY INTRODUCTION FIRE SAFETY THE FIRE TRIANGLE AND FIRE TETRAHEDRON FIRE BEHAVIOR IN LABORATORIES COMBUSTION STAGES KEY FIRE TERMINOLOGIES IGNITION SOURCES RELATIVE FLAMMABILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT EXPLOSION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO EXPLOSION HAZARDS TYPES OF EXPLOSIONS KEY FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EXPLOSIONS EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES EXPLOSION RISK ASSESSMENT LABORATORY GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY GLASSWARE SAFETY COMMON HAZARDS OF LABORATORY GLASSWARE GENERAL GLASSWARE HANDLING TIPS SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY VACUUM PUMPS SAFETY HEAT SOURCE SAFETY HEATING MANTLE SAFETY OIL BATHS SAFETY OVEN AND FURNACE SAFETY REFRIGERATOR AND FREEZER SAFETY AUTOCLAVE AND CENTRIFUGE SAFETY AUTOCLAVE SAFETY CENTRIFUGE SAFETY DECONTAMINATION OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION ROUTINE CHECKS OF GLASSWARE INTEGRITY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE SCHEDULES CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS SAFE STORAGE AND DISPOSAL STORING GLASSWARE TO PREVENT BREAKAGE HANDLING BROKEN GLASSWARE DISPOSAL OF DAMAGED EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE NRTL CERTIFICATION AND COMPLIANCE LABORATORY PPE: SELECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND STORAGE TYPES OF PPE IN THE LABORATORY HAND PROTECTION BODY PROTECTION FOOT PROTECTION SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE PPE AND PROPER USE MAINTENANCE AND STORAGE CLEANING AND DECONTAMINATION STORAGE GUIDELINES TRAINING AND RESPONSIBILITY LIMITATIONS OF PPE CHEMICAL SPILL MANAGEMENT AND DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL SPILLS GENERAL SPILL RESPONSE PRINCIPLES SPILL RESPONSE MATERIALS AND KITS RESPONSE PROCEDURES FOR SPECIFIC SPILL TYPES ACID AND BASE SPILLS SOLVENT SPILLS TOXIC OR REACTIVE CHEMICAL SPILLS MERCURY SPILLS DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES BIOLOGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN CHEMISTRY LABS BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN CHEMISTRY LABS DEFINITION AND SOURCES RISK CLASSIFICATION (BIOSAFETY LEVELS) CONTROL MEASURES RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN CHEMISTRY LABS TYPES AND SOURCES OF RADIATION RADIATION UNITS AND DOSIMETRY COMBINED BIO-RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS EMERGENCY PROCEDURES BIOLOGICAL SPILLS RADIOLOGICAL SPILLS WASTE DISPOSAL AND COMPLIANCE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANS KEY ELEMENTS OF AN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLAN TYPES OF LABORATORY EMERGENCIES AND RESPONSES CHEMICAL SPILLS FIRES MEDICAL EMERGENCIES (FIRST-AID KITS AND IMMEDIATE MEDICAL RESPONSE) GAS LEAKS AND ELECTRICAL FAILURES NATURAL DISASTERS (EARTHQUAKE AND FLOOD) EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES POST-EMERGENCY ACTIONS SAFE HANDLING OF NANOMATERIALS AND EMERGING RISKS NANOMATERIALS COMMON TYPES USED IN CHEMISTRY LABS HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS LABORATORY RISK MANAGEMENT HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ENGINEERING CONTROLS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS WASTE HANDLING RECOMMENDATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE INTRODUCTION TO GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES GLP BASIC ELEMENTS GLP KEY PRINCIPLES LABORATORY CONDUCT AND BEHAVIOR RECORDKEEPING AND DOCUMENTATION HANDLING CHEMICALS AND SAMPLES EQUIPMENT USE AND MAINTENANCE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND SPILL RESPONSE QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ISO 9000 INTEGRATION ISO 9000 AND LABORATORY PRACTICE COMMON DEFICIENCIES AT ISO 9000 GLP AUDIT BENEFITS OF ISO INTEGRATION INTO GLP STATISTICAL TOOLS IN GLP KEY STATISTICAL CONCEPTS IN GLP STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS IN GLP DATA INTEGRITY AND AUDIT TRAILS ALCOA AND ALCOA+ PRINCIPLES OF DATA INTEGRITY AUDIT TRAILS PRACTICES TO SUPPORT DATA INTEGRITY ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS LEGAL COMPLIANCE IN LABORATORY OPERATIONS INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION PRESSURE AND VACUUM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORIES PRESSURE AND VACUUM FUNDAMENTALS DEFINITIONS IMPORTANCE IN THE LABORATORY PRESSURE SYSTEMS AND CONTROL COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS PRESSURE EQUIPMENT PRESSURE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS MERCURY BAROMETER ANEROID BAROMETER BOURDON TUBE GAUGE DIGITAL PRESSURE GAUGES VACUUM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT VACUUM PUMPS COMMON VACUUM EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS ACROSS LABORATORY TECHNIQUES HEATING, COOLING, AND REACTION TECHNIQUES IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORIES HEATING TECHNIQUES IN THE LABORATORY BUNSEN BURNERS HEATING MANTLES WATER, OIL, AND SAND BATHS COOLING TECHNIQUES IN THE LABORATORY ICE AND SALT–ICE BATHS DRY ICE BATHS LIQUID NITROGEN BATHS REACTION TECHNIQUES: MANAGING THERMAL ENERGY REFLUXING INERT ATMOSPHERE REACTIONS SEALED TUBE OR PRESSURE TUBE REACTIONS ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES CLASSICAL ANALYTICAL METHODS GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS VOLUMETRIC (TITRIMETRIC) ANALYSIS SPECTROSCOPIC, MICROSCOPIC, AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES SEPARATION TECHNIQUES IN CHEMICAL LABORATORIES FILTRATION FILTRATION METHODS FILTER MEDIA COMMON FILTERING ACCESSORIES IN LABORATORIES OPERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FILTRATION PROCESS RECRYSTALLIZATION SOLVENT REQUIREMENTS RECRYSTALLIZATION OF A SOLID EXTRACTION EXTRACTION OF SOLUTE USING IMMISCIBLE SOLVENTS EXTRACTION PROCEDURES IN LABORATORIES DISTILLATION SIMPLE DISTILLATION AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION VACUUM DISTILLATION STEAM DISTILLATION EVAPORATION SUBLIMATION ADVANTAGES OF SUBLIMATION AS A PURIFICATION METHOD LIMITATION TYPICAL SUBLIMATION PROCEDURE FREEZE-DRYING COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY LIQUID COLUMN TECHNIQUES SORBENTS FOR COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY SOLVENT MIXTURES FOR USE IN COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE OF GEL ELECTROPHORESIS TYPES OF GELS BUFFER SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY PHYSICAL PROPERTY DETERMINATION TECHNIQUES DENSITY COMMON METHODS FOR DETERMINING DENSITY SPECIFIC GRAVITY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE SG MELTING POINT CAPILLARY TUBE METHOD ELECTRIC MELTING POINT APPARATUS BOILING POINT THIELE TUBE METHOD VISCOSITY OSTWALD VISCOMETER UBBELOHDE VISCOMETER SAYBOLT VISCOMETER BROOKFIELD VISCOMETER HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION (PH) INDICATORS PH TEST PAPER PH METER REFRACTIVE INDEX LABORATORY DETERMINATION TYPICAL PROCEDURE WITH ABBE REFRACTOMETER OPTICAL ROTATION SURFACE TENSION LABORATORY GLASSWARE: USAGE, CLEANING, DRYING, MEASURING, AND TRANSFER TECHNIQUES GLASSWARE ITEMS CLEANING LABORATORY GLASSWARE GENERAL RULES CLEANING VOLUMETRIC GLASSWARE CLEANING GLASSWARE SOILED WITH STUBBORN FILMS AND RESIDUES ULTRASONIC CLEANING LABORATORY GLASSWARE DRYING DRAINAGE BOARDS AND DRAINAGE RACKS DRYING OVENS QUICK DRYING RINSING WET GLASSWARE WITH ACETONE MEASURING AND TRANSFERRING LIQUIDS BY SELECTED GLASSWARE PIPETTES BURETTES GRADUATED CYLINDERS VOLUMETRIC FLASKS GRADES OF CHEMICAL PURITY AND PREPARATION OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLUTIONS GRADES OF PURITY OF CHEMICALS LABORATORY SOLUTIONS CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS FOR PREPARATION OF LABORATORY SOLUTIONS PREPARATION OF COMMON ACIDS, COMMON BASES, AND STANDARD LABORATORY SOLUTIONS AUTOMATION, SENSORS, AND DIGITAL TOOLS IN LABORATORIES AUTOMATION IN THE LABORATORY TYPES OF LABORATORY AUTOMATION BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION SENSORS IN THE LABORATORY TYPES OF LABORATORY SENSORS EXAMPLES OF SENSOR INTEGRATION DIGITAL TOOLS IN THE LABORATORY LABORATORY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (LIMS) DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION TOOLS DIGITAL CONTROL AND AUTOMATION SOFTWARE CLOUD COMPUTING AND REMOTE ACCESS SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES AUTOMATION AND SAFETY SENSOR CALIBRATION AND ACCURACY DATA SECURITY AND INTEGRITY EMERGING TRENDS IN LABORATORY AUTOMATION AND DIGITAL TOOLS ESSENTIAL KEYWORDS ABBREVIATIONS