BORON FLUORIDE AND ITS COMPOUNDS AS CATALYSTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION NANOSTRUCTURED SYSTEMS MODEL CATALYSTS REFERENCES ACTIVITY PATTERN IN?UENCE OF THE STRUCTURE AND OF THE SURFACE METALS OXIDES ACID–BASE SOLIDS MODEL REACTIONS DEHYDROGENATION OF CYCLOHEXANE HYDROGENOLYSIS OF METHYLCYCLOPENTANE BENZENE HYDROGENATION BUTADIENE HYDROGENATION CARBON MONOXIDE OXIDATION ADSORPTION–DESORPTION BASIC CONCEPTS ENERGY DIAGRAM CHARACTERISTICS ADSORPTION–DESORPTION MODELS ADSORPTION ON METALS LENNARD-JONES DIAGRAM MECHANISMS OF ADSORPTION OF GASES ADSORPTION ON SEMICONDUCTOR OXIDES GEOMETRIC CON?GURATIONS: STERIC EFFECTS ELECTRONIC CON?GURATIONS: ELECTRONIC EFFECTS—BAND AND ORBITAL THEORIES BAND THEORY THEORY OF MOLECULAR ORBITALS THE ELECTRONEGATIVITY THEORY: THE ROLE OF ELECTRONS D CONCLUSION EXAMPLES DESIGN OF A CATALYST: ALCOHOL ROUTE DEOXYGENATION OF BENZOIC ACID TO BENZALDEHYDE TEXTURAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS PART I: ADSORPTION METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF SURFACE AREAS AND PORE VOLUMES PHYSICAL ADSORPTION OR PHYSISORPTION CHEMICAL ADSORPTION OR CHEMISORPTION POROSITY SPECI?C SURFACE AREA: BET METHOD OTHER ADSORPTION MODELS CHEMISORPTION CALCULATION OF METAL SURFACE AREA, DISPERSION, AND PARTICLE DIAMETER PART II: THERMAL-PROGRAMMED METHODS APPARATUS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED DESORPTION TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED REDUCTION TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED OXIDATION DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY THERMOGRAVIMETRIC AND THERMO-DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSES TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED SURFACE REACTION CATALYST PREPARATION MATERIALS FOR THE PREPARATION PRECIPITATION AND COPRECIPITATION THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSES KINETICS OF THE PRECIPITATION AMORPHOUS SOLIDS COPRECIPITATION DEPOSITION–PRECIPITATION IMPREGNATION IMPREGNATION METHODS ION EXCHANGE VARIABLES IN?UENCING FINAL PROPERTIES OF CATALYSTS IN?UENCE OF PH AUTOCLAVING IN?UENCE OF TIME, CONCENTRATION, AND IMPREGNATION CYCLES THERMAL TREATMENTS DRYING CALCINATION EFFECT OF REDUCTION TEMPERATURE ON INTERACTION AND SINTERING IN?UENCE OF THE SUPPORT AND THE METAL CONCENTRATION ON THE REDUCTION IN?UENCE OF THE HEATING RATE IN?UENCE OF STEAM EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND REACTION TIME STRONG METAL SUPPORT INTERACTION STRUCTURAL ANALYSES: X-RAY DIFFRACTION CONCEPTS AND PARAMETERS IN?UENCING X-RAY DIFFRACTION INSTRUMENTATION INTERPRETATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTOGRAMS: PHASE IDENTI?CATION INTERPRETATION OF THE X-RAY DIFFRACTOGRAMS: CRYSTALLITE SIZE X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSES: IN SITU ANALYSES STRUCTURE ANALYSES: XRD REDUCIBILITY OF OXIDE (LACOO3) BY IN SITU XRD SPECTROSCOPY IN THE INFRARED REGION INTERPRETATION OF INFRARED SPECTRA SAMPLE HANDLING: ANALYSIS OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLIDS USING PROBE MOLECULES DIFFUSE RE?ECTANCE INFRARED FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY (DRIFTS) DIFFUSE RE?ECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY (DRS) IN THE VISIBLE UV REGION X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (ESCA: XPS/ISS) CONCEPTS SURFACE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OXIDATION STATE ISS SPECTRA SURFACE ANALYSES XPS “IN SITU” XPS SPECTRA OF CALCINED AND REDUCED CATALYST XPS IN SITU REACTION: METHANE OXIDATION ISS: CO ADSORPTION IN SITU ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY: GENERAL AND SPECI?C NOTIONS IMAGING IN SEM: BASIC PRINCIPLES SECONDARY ELECTRONS X-RAY ANALYSIS PREPARATION OF CATALYST SAMPLES FOR SEM ANALYSES TRANSMISSION ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY PREPARATION OF CATALYST SAMPLES FOR TEM NANOSTRUCTURED CATALYSTS PART I: INTRODUCTION SYNTHESIS OF NANOSTRUCTURED CATALYSTS IN SITU PRECIPITATION OF METAL PRECURSORS SYNTHESIS OF STABILIZED NANOPARTICLES: COLLOIDAL NANOPARTICLES METAL NANOSTRUCTURES [8, 17–53] OXIDE NANOCRYSTALS [18, 19, 24, 44, 51, 53, 63, 72–152] MIXED OXIDES: PEROVSKITE STRUCTURES PEROVSKITES PART II: GRAPHENES SYNTHESES OF GRAPHENES SYNTHESES OF METALS ON GRAPHENE NANOSHEETS STRUCTURE KINETICS AND MECHANISMS KINETICS OF THE CARBON MONOXIDE OXIDATION ON PT/TIO2 CATALYST KINETICS OF A BIFUNCTIONAL MODEL: METHANE DRY REFORMING WITH CO2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MICROKINETICS STATISTICAL ANALYSES: IN?UENCE OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON REACTION RATES CONCLUSIONS EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS HYDROGENATION IN PETROL PYROLYSIS UNIT 1,3-BUTADIENE CONVERSION AT HIGH PRESSURE BUTADIENE HYDROGENATION REACTION AT 25 ATM PRODUCTION OF POLYALCOHOL AT HIGH-PRESSURE HYDROGENATION OF CANE SUGAR AND HYDROLYZED AMIDES EXPERIMENTAL