AN INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANCE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF METHOD FOR ANALYSIS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH SCALE OF OPERATION STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS METHODS OF ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION ROLE OF INSTRUMENTATION LITERATURE ERRORS IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS DETERMINING THE ACCURACY OF METHODS IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF ANALYSIS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR REJECTION OF RESULTS: Q-TEST PRESENTATION OF DATA CONFIDENCE LIMIT Q-TEST FOR REJECTION OF RESULT STANDARD ‘T’ TEST SOLVED PROBLEMS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS OF TERMS THEORY OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING STATISTICAL CRITERIA OF IDEAL SAMPLE STRATIFIED SAMPLING VERSUS RANDOM SAMPLING MINIMISATION OF VARIANCE IN STRATIFIED SAMPLING TRANSMISSION AND STORAGE OF SAMPLES PRECIPITATION METHODS PURITY OF PRECIPITATION: COPRECIPITATION OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION FROM HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION WASHING OF THE PRECIPITATE IGNITION OF THE PRECIPITATE ROLE OF ORGANIC PRECIPITANTS IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR CHOICE OF AN ORGANIC REAGENT SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIC PRECIPITANTS ELECTROGRAVIMETRY VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS CLASSIFICATION OF VOLUMETRIC METHODS ACID-BASE TITRATIONS ACID-BASE TITRATION CURVES ACID-BASE INDICATORS MIXED INDICATORS FLUORESCENT INDICATORS THEORY OF REDOX TITRATION CURVES SOME OXIDISING AGENTS AS TITRANTS APPLICATION OF IODINE AS REDOX REAGENT REDOX INDICATORS DETECTION OF END POINT IN REDOX TITRATIONS THEORY OF PRECIPITATION TITRATION CURVES FACTORS INFLUENCING SOLUBILITY OF THE PRECIPITATE TITRATIONS BY TURBIDITY WITHOUT AN INDICATOR VOLHARD’S METHOD MOHR’S METHOD ADSORPTION INDICATORS IN PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS MISCELLANEOUS INDICATORS FOR TITRATIONS EDTA AND THE COMPLEXONES COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION CURVES METALLOCHROMIC INDICATORS KINETICS OF COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION SELECTIVITY IN COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS TYPICAL EDTA TITRATIONS ADVANTAGES OF COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION PRINCIPLES OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION CLASSIFICATION OF EXTRACTIONS MECHANISM OF EXTRACTION EXTRACTION BY CHELATION EXTRACTION BY SOLVATION EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM FOR CHELATES EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIA FOR SOLVATION TECHNIQUES OF EXTRACTION SEPARATION OF METALS BY EXTRACTION EXTRACTION BY ION PAIR FORMATION APPLICATION OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION IN INDUSTRY SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE) ORIGIN OF MACROCYCLIC AND SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS NOMENCLATURE OF COMPOUNDS CLASSIFICATION SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHERS, CRYPTANDS AND CALIXARENES FACTORS INFLUENCING SOLVENT EXTRACTION SOLVENT EXTRACTION WITH CROWN ETHERS AND CRYPTANDS ROTAXANES CLASSIFICATION OF ROTAXANES SYNTHESIS OF ROTAXANES 10 10 CHARACTERISATIONS OF ROTAXANES 10 11 METAL COMPLEXES WITH ROTAXANES 10 12 ANALYTICAL APPLICATION NON-CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF SEPARATION MEMBRANE SEPARATION METHODS CHROMATOGRAPHY AS THE METHOD OF SEPARATION HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS FUNDAMENTALS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY DYNAMICS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY VAN DEEMTER’S EQUATION 11 10 RESOLUTION OF MIXTURES 11 11 SEPARATIONS CHARACTERISTICS 11 12 SPECIAL FEATURES OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS CLASSIFICATION OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS MECHANISM OF ION EXCHANGE SYNTHESIS OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS CHARACTERISTICS OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS ION EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIA PLATE THEORY FOR ION EXCHANGE COLUMN TECHNIQUES IN ION EXCHANGE METHODS ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS 12 10 APPLICATION OF ION EXCHANGE IN METAL SEPARATIONS 12 11 CATION EXCHANGE SEPARATIONS FROM NONAQUEOUS MEDIA 12 12 ANION EXCHANGE SEPARATIONS OF METALS 12 13 LIQUID ION EXCHANGERS 12 14 INORGANIC EXCHANGERS 12 15 CHELATING RESINS 13 1 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY AS A SEPARATION TOOL 13 2 STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESINS 13 3 ELUANTS USED IN SEPARATION 13 4 SUPPRESSOR COLUMN IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 13 5 DETECTORS USED IN ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 13 6 INSTRUMENTATION IN ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 13 7 ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 13 8 APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIATION 13 9 APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS 13 10 HYPHENATED TECHNIQUE IN ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 13 11 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY BY CHELATION 13 12 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY BY ION PAIRING 13 13 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY BY ION EXCLUSION 13 14 COMPARISON OF ION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ION EXCHANGE 14 1 PRINCIPLES OF ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 14 2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 14 3 CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR 14 4 USES OF ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 14 5 AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY 14 6 CHIRAL CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 1 PRINCIPLES OF LIQUID-LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 2 LIQUID-LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 3 REVERSED PHASE PARTITION (EXTRACTION) CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 4 APPLICATIONS OF EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 5 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 6 TECHNIQUES IN PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 7 THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) 15 8 DENSITOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 9 ION PAIR CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 1 PRINCIPLES OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 2 PLATE THEORY FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 3 INSTRUMENTATION FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 4 WORKING OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 5 APPLICATIONS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 6 PROGRAMMED TEMPERATURE CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 7 FLOW PROGRAMMING CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 8 GAS SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 9 HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 10 ADVANTAGES OF HYPHENATED METHODS 16 11 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION BY HYPHENATED METHODS 16 12 RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN DETECTORS IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 13 DERIVATISATION IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 16 14 HEAD SPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 17 1 PRINCIPLES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 17 2 COMPONENTS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 17 3 MOBILE PHASE 17 4 STATIONARY PHASE 17 5 STATIONARY SUPPORTS IN HPLC 17 6 DETECTORS USED 17 7 INSTRUMENTATION FOR HPLC 17 8 APPLICATIONS OF HPLC TECHNIQUES 18 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS 18 2 MECHANISM OF WORKING OF SFC 18 3 COMPARISON WITH OTHER CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES 18 4 SELECTION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID FOR SFC 18 5 APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 18 6 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION (SFE) 18 7 SELECTION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID FOR EXTRACTION (SFE) 18 8 APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION 19 1 GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY 19 2 APPLICATIONS OF GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY 19 3 ION EXCLUSION 19 4 MECHANISM OF THE ION EXCLUSION PROCESS 19 5 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE ION EXCLUSION TECHNIQUE 19 6 APPLICATIONS OF ION EXCLUSION TECHNIQUES 19 7 ION RETARDATION 19 8 INORGANIC MOLECULAR SIEVES 20 1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY 20 2 INSTRUMENTATION FOR ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY 20 3 CURTAIN ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY 20 4 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY 20 5 REVERSE OSMOSIS 20 6 ELECTRODIALYSIS 21 1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROPHORESIS 21 2 PROPERTIES OF CHARGED MOLECULE 21 3 THEORY OF ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER 21 4 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS METHODS 21 5 MOVING BOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS 21 6 ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS 21 7 ISOTACHOPHORESIS 21 8 ISOELECTRIC FOCUSSING 21 9 IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS 21 10 TECHNIQUES OF ELECTROPHORESIS 21 11 CONTINUOUS ELECTROPHORESIS 21 12 DETECTORS USED IN ELECTROPHORESIS 21 13 INSTRUMENTATION 21 14 APPLICATIONS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 21 15 SEPARATION OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS 21 16 PREPARATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS CONCLUSION 22 1 THEORY OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 22 2 INSTRUMENTATION 22 3 SAMPLE SEPARATION 22 4 SAMPLE DETECTIONS 22 5 APPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 22 6 CAPILLARY ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY 22 7 MISCELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY (MECC) 23 1 ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS 23 2 EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY METHODS 23 3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 23 4 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 23 5 SCATTERING METHODS 23 6 PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED METHODS 23 7 ORIGIN OF SPECTRA 23 8 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 23 9 FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF SPECTROSCOPY 23 10 VALIDITY OF BEER’S-LAMBERT’S LAW 23 11 DEVIATION FROM BEER’S LAW 23 12 RELATIVE CONCENTRATION ERROR AND RINGBOM’S PLOT 24 1 ORIGIN OF SPECTRA AND ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS 24 2 VISUAL COLORIMETRY 24 3 PHOTOELECTRIC CELLS AND LIGHT FILTERS 24 4 PHOTOELECTRIC FILTER PHOTOMETRY 24 5 ERRORS IN PHOTOELECTRIC PHOTOMETRY 24 6 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY — INSTRUMENTATION 24 7 FUNCTIONING OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER 24 8 SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 24 9 DIFFERENTIAL SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 24 10 REFLECTANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 24 11 PHOTOMETRIC TITRATIONS 24 12 COMPOSITION OF COLORED COMPLEXES 24 13 SANDELL’S SENSITIVITY 24 14 OPTICAL FIBRES IN SPECTROSCOPY 24 15 PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL FIBRES 24 16 SENSORS WITH OPTICAL FIBRES 24 17 ERRORS IN UV/VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY MEASUREMENTS 24 18 SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY 24 19 HOLOGRAPHIC GRATINGS 25 1 MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS 25 2 VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCY 25 3 VIBRATIONAL MODES 25 4 SPECIAL FEATURES OF IR SPECTROMETERS 25 5 COMPARISON OF IR AND UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 25 6 COMPONENTS OF IR SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 25 7 SAMPLE HANDLING BEFORE MEASUREMENTS 25 8 INFRARED IN STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION 25 9 SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION OF TYPICAL COMPOUNDS 25 10 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 25 11 IR-REFLECTANCE SPECTROMETRY 25 12 ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS BY IR-SPECTROSCOPY 25 13 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE 25 14 FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS ADVANTAGES 26 1 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 26 2 MECHANISM OF INTERACTION 26 3 STOKE’S AND ANTISTOKE’S LINES 26 4 DEPOLARISATION RATIO 26 5 INSTRUMENTATION 26 6 TYPE OF RAMAN RADIATIONS 26 7 REMOTE RAMAN SENSING 26 8 ANALOGY OF RAMAN AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 26 9 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 26 10 APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 27 1 PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 27 2 INSTRUMENTATION FOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER 27 3 APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 27 4 SENSITIVITY AND DETECTION LIMITS IN ANALYSIS 27 5 SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES IN AAS 27 6 CHEMICAL INTERFERENCE IN AAS 27 7 ATOMIC LINE BROADENING 27 8 BACKGROUND CORRECTION 27 9 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF AAS BY FLAME AND GRAPHITE FURNACE AAS 28 1 PRINCIPLES OF EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 28 2 SOURCE OF EXCITATIONS 28 3 INSTRUMENTATION FOR ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 28 4 ANALYSIS BY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 28 5 FLAME EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 28 6 PRINCIPLES OF FLAME PHOTOMETRY 28 7 INTERFERENCES IN FLAME PHOTOMETRY 28 8 EVALUATION METHODS IN FLAME PHOTOMETRY 29 1 LIMITATIONS OF FLAME EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 29 2 PRINCIPLES OF PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY 29 3 PROCESS OF ATOMISATION AND EXCITATION 29 4 PLASMA AS AN EXCITATION SOURCE 29 5 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA SOURCE 29 6 ICP-AES INSTRUMENTATION 29 7 APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY 29 8 COMPARISON OF ICP-AES WITH AAS 29 9 COMPARISON OF AFS, AAS AND ICP-AES 30 1 LUMINESCENCE 30 2 CHEMILUMINESCENCE 30 3 MEASUREMENT OF CHEMILUMINESCENCE 30 4 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 30 5 CHEMILUMINESCENCE TITRATIONS 30 6 CHEMILUMINESCENCE FOR LIQUIDS 30 7 ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE 30 8 ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE 30 9 PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE 30 10 APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE 30 11 INSTRUMENTATION FOR ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 30 12 RESONANCE IONISATION SPECTROSCOPY 30 13 LASER ENHANCED IONISATION SPECTROSCOPY 31 1 PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE 31 2 FLUORIMETRY IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 31 3 LUMINESCENCE INSTRUMENTATION 31 4 APPLICATIONS OF FLUORIMETRY 31 5 FLUORESCENCE AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 31 6 FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING AND INNER FILTER EFFECT 31 7 PHOSPHORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 31 8 PHOSPHORESCENCE AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 31 9 PHOSPHORIMETRY IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 32 1 TYNDALL SCATTERING 32 2 RAYLEIGH SCATTERING 32 3 RAMAN SCATTERING 32 4 TURBIDIMETRY 32 5 NEPHELOMETRY 33 1 PRINCIPLES OF REFRACTOMETRY 33 2 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING REFRACTION 33 3 SIGNIFICANCE OF CRITICAL ANGLE DURING MEASUREMENTS 33 4 REFRACTOMETERS 33 5 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 33 6 ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS 33 7 INTERFEROMETER PRINCIPLES 33 8 APPLICATIONS 33 9 INSTRUMENTATION 34 1 POLARISED LIGHT 34 2 APPLICATIONS OF POLARIMETRY 34 3 OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION AND CIRCULAR DICHROMISM 34 4 INSTRUMENTATION FOR ORD, CD 35 1 PRINCIPLES OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY 35 2 NMR SPECTRA MEASUREMENT 35 3 NMR INSTRUMENTATION 35 4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON NMR 35 5 CHEMICAL SHIFT 35 6 SPIN-SPIN SPLITTING 35 7 APPLICATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY 35 8 NMR OF OTHER ELEMENTS LIKE C13, F19 AND P31 35 9 FOURIER TRANSFORM (FT) NMR 35 10 TWO DIMENSIONAL FT-NMR 35 11 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) 36 1 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 36 2 INSTRUMENTATION FOR ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 36 3 APPLICATIONS OF ESR SPECTROSCOPY 36 4 SPIN LABELLING ESR SPECTROSCOPY 36 5 MULTIPLE RESONANCE ENDOR AND ELDOR EFFECT 36 6 CHARACTERISATION OF METAL COMPLEXES BY ESR 36 7 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ESR 37 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES 37 2 X-RAY SOURCE 37 3 X-RAYS ABSORPTION 37 4 INSTRUMENTATION 37 5 X-RAY ABSORPTION IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 37 6 X-RAY EMISSIONS 37 7 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHODS 37 8 FLUORESCENCE INSTRUMENTS 37 9 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE IN ANALYSIS 37 10 PARTICLE INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE) 37 11 X-RAY DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUES 37 12 ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS 38 1 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE 38 2 PRINCIPLES OF MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY 38 3 MÖSSBAUER INSTRUMENTATION 38 4 INTERPRETATION OF SPECTRA 38 5 MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATIONS 38 6 ANALYTICAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS 38 7 CHEMICAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS 38 8 PHYSICAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS 38 9 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS 39 1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 39 2 AUGER EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (AES) 39 3 INSTRUMENTATION FOR ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 39 4 APPLICATIONS OF AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 39 5 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (ESCA) 39 6 CHEMICAL SHIFTS IN ESCA 39 7 ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ESCA 39 8 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY (SIMS) 39 9 ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS (EMA) 39 10 ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (UPS) 39 11 COMPARISON OF ESCA, UPS AND AUGER SPECTROSCOPY 39 12 COMPARISON OF AUGER, ESCA AND SIMS TECHNIQUES 40 1 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY METHODS 40 2 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) 40 3 WORKING OF SEM INSTRUMENT 40 4 COMPARISON OF SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY (SPM OR STM) 40 5 SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY (STM) 40 6 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STM 40 7 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM) 40 8 APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 40 9 COMPARISON OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY WITH ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 41 1 PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY 41 2 INSTRUMENTATION FOR PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROMETRY 41 3 ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROMETRY 42 1 INSTRUMENTATION FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 42 2 RESOLUTION OF COMPOUNDS 42 3 MASS SPECTRA AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 42 4 FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS IN MASS SPECTRA 42 5 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY 42 6 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY 42 7 APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 42 8 LASER MASS SPECTROMETRY 42 9 FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT AND LIQUID SECONDARY ION MASS SUBSTITUTED SPECTROMETRY 42 10 ELECTRON SPRAY IONISATION MASS SPECTROMETRY 42 11 HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES IN CONJUNCTION WITH MASS SPECTROMETER 42 12 TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETER 43 1 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 43 2 DERIVATIVE THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (DTGA) 43 3 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DTA) 43 4 THERMOMETRIC OR ENTHALPIMETRIC TITRATIONS 43 5 THERMOMETRIC TITRATION—APPLICATIONS 43 6 ENTHALPIMETRIC TITRATIONS 43 7 THERMAL METHODS IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 43 8 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY 43 9 THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS 44 1 RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 44 2 SOURCE OF NEUTRONS 44 3 NEUTRON CAPTURE AND ?-EMISSION 44 4 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 44 5 APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 44 6 PRINCIPLES OF ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD 44 7 APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE 44 8 SUBSTOICHIOMETRIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS 45 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 45 2 THE NERNST EQUATION 45 3 STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIAL 45 4 EFFECT OF CURRENT ON CELL POTENTIAL 45 5 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROANALYTICAL METHODS 45 6 POTENTIOMETRY FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 45 7 VARIOUS ELECTRODES IN POTENTIOMETRY 45 8 POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS 45 9 POTENTIAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 45 10 ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 45 11 APPLICATIONS OF ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 45 12 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 46 1 DIFFUSION LIMITING CURRENT 46 2 POLARISABLE DROPPING MERCURY ELECTRODE (DME) 46 3 PRINCIPLES OF POLAROGRAPHY 46 4 THE ILKOVIC EQUATION 46 5 GENERATION OF POLAROGRAPHIC WAVES 46 6 CONCEPT OF HALF WAVE POTENTIAL 46 7 POLAROGRAPHIC MAXIMA 46 8 APPLICATIONS OF POLAROGRAPHY 46 9 AC POLAROGRAPHY 46 10 RAPID SCAN POLAROGRAPHY 46 11 ORGANIC POLAROGRAPH 46 12 PULSE POLAROGRAPHY 46 13 SQUARE WAVE POLAROGRAPHY 46 14 AMPEROMETRIC TITRATION 46 15 BIAMPERIOMETRIC TITRATION 46 16 POTENTIOSTAT 46 17 HYDRODYNAMIC VOLTAMMETRY 46 18 CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRY 47 1 PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS 47 2 MEASUREMENT OF CONDUCTANCE 47 3 ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTOMETRY 47 4 CONDUCTOMETRIC TITRATIONS 47 5 HIGH FREQUENCY TITRATIONS 47 6 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 47 7 MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS 47 8 DIRECT CURRENT CONDUCTIVITY ANALYSIS 47 9 IMPEDANCE 48 1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROLYSIS 48 2 ELECTROLYSIS AT CONSTANT POTENTIAL 48 3 ELECTROLYSIS AT CONSTANT CURRENT 48 4 COULOMETRIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS 48 5 APPLICATIONS OF COULOMETRY 48 6 COULOMETRIC TITRATIONS 48 7 APPLICATIONS OF COULOMETRIC TITRATIONS 48 8 STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY 48 9 CONVENTIONAL STRIPPING ANALYSIS 49 1 CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS 49 2 SENSITIVITY AND LIMIT OF DETECTION 49 3 SIGNAL AND NOISE 49 4 DEFINITION OF SENSORS 49 5 ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS 49 6 GAS SENSORS 49 7 VOLTAMMETRIC SENSORS 49 8 SOLID STATE ELECTRODE SENSORS 49 9 OPTICAL SENSORS 49 10 THERMAL SENSORS 49 11 BIOSENSORS 49 12 BIOCATALYTIC BIOSENSORS 49 13 MASS SENSITIVE SENSORS 49 14 EFFICIENCY OF SENSORS 50 1 SPECIFICATIONS OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS 50 2 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMATED METHODS 50 3 AUTOMATED ANALYSIS 50 4 SELECTION OF ON-LINE ANALYSERS 50 5 APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATED METHODS 50 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 50 7 FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS (FIA) 50 8 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN FIA 50 9 FACTORS AFFECTING PEAK HEIGHT 50 10 APPLICATIONS OF FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS