A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO THE HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
CONTENTS PART A I INTRODUCTION II GLOSSARY III PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS AND HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS III A VAPOR PRESSURE III B VAPOR DENSITY III C SOLUBILITY III D OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEF?CIENT III E ODOR IV TOXIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IV A PATHWAY OF ENTRY: ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION IV B DETOXICATION AND BIOACTIVATION IV C TOXIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS — OVERVIEW IV D COMMON TERMS V TARGET ORGANS AND TOXICOLOGY V A LIVER INJURY AND HEPATOTOXICANTS V B KIDNEY INJURY: NEPHROTOXICANTS V C IMMUNE SYSTEM: IMMUNOTOXICANTS V D RESPIRATORY TRACT V E SKIN INJURY: DERMATOTOXICANTS V F EYE INJURY V G NERVOUS SYSTEM: NEUROTOXICANTS V H CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: CARDIOTOXIC CHEMICALS V I REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM VI CANCER-CAUSING CHEMICALS VI A CONCEPT OF CARCINOGENESIS VI B MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS VI C CANCER REVIEW PANELS AND CLASSI?CATIONS OF CARCINOGENS VI D CHEMICALS AND MIXTURES CON?RMED AS HUMAN CARCINOGENS VII TERATOGENIC SUBSTANCES VII A MECHANISM AND MODE OF ACTION OF TERATOGENS VII B TESTING AND EVALUATION OF TERATOGENIC EFFECTS VIII HABIT-FORMING ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES VIII A HALLUCINOGENS VIII B STIMULANTS — GENERAL TYPE VIII C AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS VIII D COCAINE VIII E OPIATE NARCOTICS VIII F CANNABIS VIII G ALCOHOL, BARBITURATES, AND OTHER SEDATIVE-HYNOTICS VIII H INHALANT GASES AND VAPORS CONTENTS IX FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES X EXPLOSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES X A THEORY OF EXPLOSION X B THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES X C OXYGEN BALANCE X D STRUCTURAL FEATURE XI PEROXIDE-FORMING SUBSTANCES XII CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS XII A HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS XII B HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF SOME CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS XII C TYPES OF CHEMICAL AGENTS IN WARFARE XII D DELIVERY AND DISPERSAL SYSTEMS XII E PROTECTION, ANTIDOTES AND DECONTAMINATION XII F CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION XII G CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN TERRORISM XIII BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND BIOTERRORISM XIII A CLASSI?CATION AND HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS XIII B BACTERIA XIII C VIRUSES XIII D TOXINS PART B CHAPTER ACIDS, CARBOXYLIC GENERAL DISCUSSION FORMIC ACID ACETIC ACID PROPIONIC ACID ACRYLIC ACID METHACRYLIC ACID OXALIC ACID MISCELLANEOUS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ACIDS, MINERAL SULFURIC ACID OLEUM NITRIC ACID HYDROCHLORIC ACID HYDRO?UORIC ACID HYDROBROMIC ACID HYDRIODIC ACID PERCHLORIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID ACIDS, PEROXY PEROXYFORMIC ACID PEROXYACETIC ACID PEROXYBENZOIC ACID PEROXYMONOSULFURIC ACID MISCELLANEOUS PEROXYACIDS ALCOHOLS METHANOL ETHANOL 1-PROPANOL 2-PROPANOL ALLYL ALCOHOL 2-PROPYN-1-OL 1-BUTANOL 2-BUTANOL TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL AMYL ALCOHOLS CYCLOHEXANOL METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL 1,2-ETHANEDIOL 1,4-BUTANEDIOL 2-BUTENE-1,4-DIOL 2-BUTYNE-1,4-DIOL 2,3-NAPHTHALENEDIOL MISCELLANEOUS ACETYLENIC ALCOHOLS BENZYL ALCOHOL HIGHER ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS ALDEHYDES FORMALDEHYDE ACETALDEHYDE ACROLEIN PROPIONALDEHYDE CROTONALDEHYDE N-BUTYRALDEHYDE ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE N-VALERALDEHYDE CHLOROACETALDEHYDE GLYOXAL GLUTARALDEHYDE BENZALDEHYDE CINNAMALDEHYDE SALICYLALDEHYDE MISCELLANEOUS ALDEHYDES ALKALIES SODIUM HYDROXIDE POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE MISCELLANEOUS ALKALIES ALKALOIDS NICOTINE ANABASINE LOBELINE COCAINE ATROPINE SCOPOLAMINE MORPHINE CODEINE THEBAINE HEROIN PAPAVERINE LSD MISCELLANEOUS LYSERGIC ACID AMIDES WITH HALLUCINOGEN ACTIVITY ERGONOVINE METHYLERGONOVINE QUININE QUINIDINE CINCHONINE RESERPINE RESCINNAMINE DESERPIDINE YOHIMBINE ACONITINE FERACONITINE CONIINE CONICEINE STRYCHNINE BRUCINE CYTISINE LUPININE SPARTEINE EMETINE CEPHAELINE AMANITINS IBOTENIC ACID MUSCAZONE MUSCIMOL MESCALINE COLCHICINE SAXITOXIN PILOCARPINE CAFFEINE AMINES, ALIPHATIC METHYLAMINE ETHYLAMINE N-PROPYLAMINE ISOPROPYLAMINE N-BUTYLAMINE CYCLOHEXYLAMINE DIMETHYLAMINE DIETHYLAMINE ETHYLENIMINE ETHYLENEDIAMINE MONOETHANOLAMINE DIETHANOLAMINE MISCELLANEOUS AMINES AMINES, AROMATIC ANILINE O-TOLUIDINE M-TOLUIDINE P-TOLUIDINE O-PHENYLENEDIAMINE M-PHENYLENEDIAMINE P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE PHENYLHYDRAZINE 2,4-TOLUENEDIAMINE 1-NAPHTHYLAMINE 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE DIPHENYLAMINE BENZIDINE O-TOLIDINE MISCELLANEOUS AROMATIC AMINES ASBESTOS STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES USES AND EXPOSURE RISK HEALTH HAZARD AND TOXICOLOGY ANALYSIS DISPOSAL/DESTRUCTION AZO DYES HEALTH HAZARD CHLOROHYDRINS ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN PROPYLENE ?- CHLOROHYDRIN TRIMETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN TETRAMETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN GLYCEROL ?- MONOCHLOROHYDRIN CHLOROBUTANOL ETHYLENE BROMOHYDRIN MISCELLANEOUS CHLOROHYDRINS CYANIDES, ORGANIC (NITRILES) ACRYLONITRILE ACETONITRILE PROPIONITRILE BUTYRONITRILE ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN METHYLACRYLONITRILE MALONONITRILE ADIPONITRILE MISCELLANEOUS NITRILES CYANIDES, INORGANIC HYDROGEN CYANIDE SODIUM CYANIDE POTASSIUM CYANIDE CALCIUM CYANIDE CYANOGEN CYANOGEN CHLORIDE CYANOGEN BROMIDE CYANOGEN IODIDE HYDROGEN CYANATE CUPROUS CYANIDE MERCURIC CYANIDE MISCELLANEOUS INORGANIC CYANIDES DIOXIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS FORMATION OF DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS IN INCINERATORS TOXICOLOGY SAFETY MEASURES EPOXY COMPOUNDS ETHYLENE OXIDE PROPYLENE OXIDE BUTYLENE OXIDE GLYCIDALDEHYDE EPICHLOROHYDRIN GLYCIDOL ISOPROPYL GLYCIDYL ETHER STYRENE OXIDE PHENYL GLYCIDYL ETHER ESTERS METHYL FORMATE ETHYL FORMATE METHYL ACETATE ETHYL ACETATE N-PROPYL ACETATE ISOPROPYL ACETATE N-BUTYL ACETATE ISOBUTYL ACETATE N-AMYL ACETATE ISOAMYL ACETATE METHYL ACRYLATE ETHYL ACRYLATE N-BUTYL ACRYLATE MISCELLANEOUS ALIPHATIC ESTERS METHYL BENZOATE METHYL SALICYLATE DIMETHYL PHTHALATE DIETHYL PHTHALATE DIBUTYL PHTHALATE DI-N-OCTYL PHTHALATE BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE ETHERS METHYL ETHER ETHYL ETHER ISOPROPYL ETHER VINYL ETHER MISCELLANEOUS ETHERS GASES, COMMON TOXIC, AND FLAMMABLE HYDROGEN CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE NITRIC OXIDE NITROGEN DIOXIDE NITROUS OXIDE AMMONIA (ANHYDROUS) HYDROGEN SUL?DE SULFUR DIOXIDE HALOGENS AND HYDROGEN HALIDES HYDROCARBON GASES INERT GASES GLYCOL ETHERS ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOISOPROPYL ETHER PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER MISCELLANEOUS GLYCOL ETHERS HALOETHERS BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER 2-CHLOROETHYL VINYL ETHER BIS(2-CHLOROISO- PROPYL) ETHER ETHRANE METHOXY?URANE MISCELLANEOUS HALOETHERS HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS METHYL CHLORIDE METHYL BROMIDE METHYL IODIDE METHYLENE CHLORIDE CHLOROFORM CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ETHYL CHLORIDE ETHYL BROMIDE VINYL CHLORIDE VINYL BROMIDE 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE 1,1-DICHLORO- ETHYLENE 1,1,1-TRICHLORO- ETHANE TRICHLOROETHYLENE TETRACHLOROETHYLENE 1,1,2-TRICHLORO- 1,2,2-TRI?UORO- ETHANE HALOTHANE 1,2,3-TRICHLORO- PROPANE HEXACHLOROETHANE BENZYL CHLORIDE CHLOROBENZENE 1,2-DICHLOROBENZENE 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE HEXACHLOROBENZENE HEXACHLORONAPH- THALENE MISCELLANEOUS HALOCARBONS HALOGENS, HALOGEN OXIDES, AND INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS FLUORINE CHLORINE BROMINE IODINE CHLORINE MONOXIDE CHLORINE DIOXIDE CHLORINE TRI?UORIDE CHLORINE PENTA?UORIDE BROMINE TRI?UORIDE BROMINE PENTA?UORIDE IODINE MONOCHLORIDE IODINE MONOBROMIDE IODINE TRICHLORIDE IODINE PENTA?UORIDE IODINE HEPTA?UORIDE HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS PYRIDINE PIPERIDINE PIPERAZINE PYRROLE PYRROLIDINE PYRAZOLE IMIDAZOLE INDOLE QUINOLINE ISOQUINOLINE FURAN TETRAHYDROFURAN 1,4-DIOXANE 1,3-DIOXOLANE HYDROCARBONS, ALIPHATIC AND ALICYCLIC METHANE ETHANE ETHYLENE ACETYLENE PROPANE PROPYLENE N-BUTANE ISOBUTANE 1,3-BUTADIENE N-PENTANE CYCLOPENTANE CYCLOPENTADIENE N-HEXANE CYCLOHEXANE CYCLOHEXENE N-OCTANE ISOOCTANE MISCELLANEOUS HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC BENZENE TOLUENE ETHYL BENZENE XYLENE CUMENE STYRENE NAPHTHALENE BENZO[A]PYRENE BENZO[E]PYRENE BENZO[G,H,I]PERYLENE BENZO[A]ANTHRACENE BENZO[B]?UORAN- THENE BENZO[J]?UORAN- THENE BENZO[K]?UORAN- THENE ACENAPHTHENE ACENAPHTHYLENE ANTHRACENE 9,10-DIMETHYLANTHR- ACENE PHENANTHRENE FLUORANTHENE FLUORENE CHRYSENE PYRENE DIBENZ[A,H]ANTHR- ACENE DIBENZ[A,J]ANTHR- ACENE INDENO(1,2,3-CD) PYRENE INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS ACETAL ACETAMIDE ACETONE ACETOPHENONE ACETYL ACETONE BROMOBENZENE CARBON DISUL?DE N-HEPTANE N-HEXANOL ISOBUTANOL LIGROIN METHYL BUTYL KETONE METHYL ETHYL KETONE METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE METHYL PROPYL KETONE MORPHOLINE NITROBENZENE STODDARD SOLVENT XYLENES ISOCYANATES, ORGANIC METHYL ISOCYANATE TOLUENE-2,4- DIISOCYANATE HEXAMETHYLENE DIISOCYANATE DIPHENYLMETHANE- 4,40-DIISOCYANATE METHYLENE BIS(4- CYCLOHEXYLISO- CYANATE) N-BUTYL ISOCYANATE ISOPHORONE DIISOCYANATE MISCELLANEOUS ISOCYANATES KETONES KETENE METHYL ISOPROPYL KETONE DIETHYL KETONE MESITYL OXIDE 4-HYDROXY-4- METHYL-2-PENTANONE METHYL ISOAMYL KETONE DIPROPYL KETONE ETHYL BUTYL KETONE METHYL AMYL KETONE ETHYL AMYL KETONE DIISOBUTYL KETONE ISOPHORONE CYCLOHEXANONE O-METHYL CYCLOHEXANONE 1,4-BENZOQUINONE DL-CAMPHOR MISCELLANEOUS KETONES METAL ACETYLIDES AND FULMINATES CUPROUS ACETYLIDE CUPRIC ACETYLIDE SILVER ACETYLIDE MERCURY ACETYLIDE CALCIUM ACETYLIDE ACETYLIDES OF ALKALI METALS MERCURY FULMINATE COPPER(II)FULMINATE SILVER FULMINATE SODIUM FULMINATE THALLIUM FULMINATE METAL ALKOXIDES POTASSIUM-TERT- BUTOXIDE SODIUM METHOXIDE POTASSIUM METHOXIDE ALUMINUM ISOPROPOXIDE METAL ALKYLS TRIMETHYLALUMINUM TRIETHYLALUMINUM TRIISOBUTYLALUMINUM DIETHYLMAGNESIUM DIETHYLZINC DIETHYLBERYLLIUM TRIETHYLSILANE TRIETHYLBORANE TETRAMETHYLTIN DIMETHYLMERCURY TETRAETHYLLEAD MISCELLANEOUS METAL ALKYLS METAL AZIDES HYDRAZOIC ACID SODIUM AZIDE LEAD (II) AZIDE LEAD (IV) AZIDE SILVER AZIDE COPPER AZIDE METAL CARBONYLS NICKEL TETRACARBONYL IRON PENTACARBONYL DICOBALT OCTACARBONYL COBALT HYDROCARBONYL CHROMIUM HEXACARBONYL MOLYBDENUM HEXACARBONYL VANADIUM HEXACARBONYL TUNGSTEN HEXACARBONYL DIMANGANESE DECACARBONYL METAL HYDRIDES SODIUM HYDRIDE POTASSIUM HYDRIDE LITHIUM HYDRIDE LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE SILANE GERMANE ARSINE STIBINE DIBORANE DECABORANE MISCELLANEOUS HYDRIDES METALS, REACTIVE LITHIUM SODIUM POTASSIUM CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINUM ZINC TITANIUM METALS, TOXIC LEAD CADMIUM MERCURY ARSENIC CHROMIUM SELENIUM SILVER BARIUM BERYLLIUM THALLIUM NICKEL COPPER ANTIMONY MANGANESE COBALT ZIRCONIUM TELLURIUM MOLYBDENUM MUSTARD GAS AND SULFUR MUSTARDS ANTIDOTE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS MUSTARD GAS O-MUSTARD(T) SESQUIMUSTARD NERVE GASES SARIN SOMAN TABUN DFP DIMETHYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE NITRO EXPLOSIVES NITROGLYCERINE DYNAMITE CYCLONITE NITROCELLULOSE 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE TRINITROBENZENE TETRYL PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE PICRIC ACID NITROGUANIDINE OXIDIZERS OZONE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE PEROXIDES, METAL PERCHLORATES PERIODATES CHLORATES BROMATES IODATES CHLORITES HYPOCHLORITES PERMANGANATES PERSULFATES DICHROMATES NITRATES NITRITES PARTICULATES NUISANCE DUSTS SILICA, CRYSTALLINE FUSED SILICA DIATOMACEOUS EARTH GRAPHITE, NATURAL GRAPHITE, SYNTHETIC GRAIN DUST COAL DUST COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES MICA MINERAL OIL MIST RAW COTTON FIBER PORTLAND CEMENT PEROXIDES, ORGANIC DIACETYL PEROXIDE TERT-BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE TERT-BUTYL PEROXYACETATE DIISOPROPYL PEROXYDICARBONATE METHYL ETHYL KETONE PEROXIDE DI-T-BUTYL PEROXIDE TERT-BUTYL PEROXYPIVALATE CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE TERT-BUTYL PEROXYBENZOATE BENZOYL PEROXIDE LAUROYL PEROXIDE MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIC PEROXIDES PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES: CLASSI?CATION, STRUCTURE, AND ANALYSIS GENERAL STRUCTURAL CLASSI?CATION PESTICIDES, CARBAMATE GENERAL DISCUSSION, USES AND REGULATORY STATUS TOXICITY ALDICARB CARBARYL PROMECARB CARBOFURAN METHIOCARB BENDIOCARB MEXACARBATE PIRIMICARB METHOMYL METOLCARB PROPOXUR BARBAN BENOMYL ALDOXYCARB BUFENCARB TRIMETHACARB ASULAM PROPHAM ISOLAN PESTICIDES, ORGANOCHLORINE LINDANE ALDRIN DIELDRIN ENDRIN HEPTACHLOR CHLORDANE ENDOSULFAN DDT P,P0-DDD P,P0-DDE METHOXYCHLOR PERTHANE CHLOROBENZILATE MIREX KEPONE TOXAPHENE STROBANE CHLORBENSIDE CHLOROPHACINONE CONTENTS CHAPTER PESTICIDES, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PARATHION MEVINPHOS AZINPHOS METHYL AZINPHOS ETHYL COUMAPHOS AMITON DIMETHOATE DICROTOPHOS MONOCROTOPHOS DICHLORVOS CHLORFENVINPHOS DIALIFOR DEMETON DEMETON-S-METHYL CYANOPHOS DIMEFOX FONOFOS NEMAFOS CHLORPYRIFOS CARBOFENTHION DIAZINON MALATHION ABATE HERBICIDES, CHLOROPHENOXY ACID 2,4-D 2,4,5-T SILVEX 2,4-DB MCPA MCPB HERBICIDES, TRIAZINE ATRAZINE METRIBUZIN CYANAZINE SYMCLOSENE AMETRYNE PROCYAZINE SIMAZINE HERBICIDES, UREA TOXIC PROPERTIES OF UREA DERIVATIVE HERBICIDES MONURON DIURON CHLOROXURON LINURON FENURON NEBURON PHENOLS PHENOL CRESOL RESORCINOL PYROCATECHOL PYROGALLOL 2-NAPHTHOL PENTACHLOROPHENOL 2,4-DINITROPHENOL 4,6-DINITRO-O-CRESOL PHOSPHORUS AND ITS COMPOUNDS PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHINE PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE PHOSPHORUS PENTA?UORIDE PHOSPHORUS PENTASUL?DE PHOSPHORUS SESQUISUL?DE TRIMETHYL PHOSPHITE TRIMETHYL PHOSPHATE TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE TRI-O-CRESYL PHOSPHATE MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHORUS POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS REGULATIONS RADON AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL MONITORING OF RADIATION SULFATE ESTERS DIMETHYL SULFATE DIETHYL SULFATE DIISOPROPYL SULFATE DIBUTYL SULFATE ETHYL HYDROGEN SULFATE SULFUR-CONTAINING ORGANICS (MISCELLANEOUS) METHANETHIOL ETHANETHIOL THIOPHENOL THIOUREA MERCAPTOACETIC ACID THIOACETAMIDE MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES NITRIDES BARBITURATES CANNABIS HERBICIDES MISCELLANEOUS DIAZOMETHANE HYDRAZINES NAPALM NITROSOAMINES PHOSGENE THALIDOMIDE WARFARIN WOOD DUST