GIANT MOLECULES: ESSENTIAL MATERIALS FOR EVERYDAY LIVING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
CONTENTS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF OUR WORLD INTRODUCTION / SETTING THE STAGE / BASIC LAWS / MATTER/ENERGY / SYMBOLS FOR THE ELEMENTS / ELEMENTS / ATOMS / CLASSICAL ATOMIC STRUCTURE / MODERN ATOMIC STRUCTURE / PERIODICITY / MOLECULAR STRUCTURE / CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / CHEMICAL BONDING / INTERMOLECULAR FORCES / UNITS OF MEASUREMENT / GLOSSARY / REVIEW QUESTIONS / BIBLIOGRAPHY / ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS / SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY / ALKANES / UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (ALKENES) / ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS / UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS / BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES (AROMATIC COMPOUNDS) / HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS / POLYMERIC STRUCTURE / STRUCTURES / INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF GIANT MOLECULES A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / POLYMERIZATION / IMPORTANCE OF GIANT MOLECULES / POLYMER PROPERTIES / A MEMORY / B SOLUBILITY AND FLEXIBILITY / C CROSS-LINKS / A FEW DE?NITIONS OF POLYMERS (MACROMOLECULES) / POLYMER STRUCTURE / MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF POLYMERS / POLYMERIC TRANSITIONS / TESTING OF POLYMERS / CHEMICAL NAMES OF POLYMERS / TRADE NAMES OF POLYMERS / IMPORTANCE OF DESCRIPTIVE NOMENCLATURE / MARKETPLACE / RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF GIANT MOLECULES GENERAL / ELASTOMERS / FIBERS / PLASTICS / ADHESIVES / COATINGS / POLYBLENDS AND COMPOSITES / CRYSTALLINE–AMORPHOUS STRUCTURES / A CHAIN FLEXIBILITY / B INTERMOLECULAR FORCES / C STRUCTURAL REGULARITY / D STERIC EFFECTS / SUMMARY / PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTING OF POLYMERS TESTING ORGANIZATIONS / EVALUATION OF TEST DATA / STRESS/STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS / HEAT DE?ECTION TEST / COEF?CIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION / COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH / FLEXURAL STRENGTH / IMPACT TEST / TENSILE STRENGTH / HARDNESS TEST / GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE AND MELTING POINT / DENSITY (SPECI?C GRAVITY) / RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS / WATER ABSORPTION / THERMOPLASTICS POLYETHYLENES—HISTORY / HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE / LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE / ULTRAHIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE / LINEAR LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE / CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE / OTHER COPOLYMERS OF ETHYLENE / POLYPROPYLENE / OTHER POLYOLE?NS / POLYSTYRENE / STYRENE COPOLYMERS / POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) AND COPOLYMERS / FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS / ACRYLIC POLYMERS / POLY(VINYL ACETATE) / POLY(VINYL ETHERS) / CELLULOSICS / PLASTICS PROCESSING / A INTRODUCTION / B CASTING / C BLOW MOLDING / D INJECTION MOLDING / E LAMINATING / F COMPRESSION MOLDING / G ROTATIONAL MOLDING / H CALENDERING / I EXTRUSION / J THERMOFORMING / K REINFORCED PLASTICS / L CONCLUSION / ENGINEERING PLASTICS NYLONS / POLYESTERS / POLYCARBONATES / POLYACETALS/POLYETHERS / POLY(PHENYLENE OXIDE) / POLY(PHENYLENE SUL?DE) / POLY(ARYL SULFONES) / POLYIMIDES / POLY(ETHER ETHER KETONE) AND POLYKETONES / POLYSILOXANES / OTHER ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS / THERMOSETS PHENOLIC RESINS / UREA RESINS / MELAMINE RESINS / ALKYDS–POLYESTER RESINS / EPOXY RESINS / SILICONES / POLYURETHANES / PLASTIC COMPOSITES / FIBERS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES / ACRYLIC FIBERS / GLASS FIBERS / POLYOLE?NS / OTHER FIBERS / RUBBERS (ELASTOMERS) EARLY HISTORY / GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERS / STRUCTURE OF NATURAL RUBBER (NR) / HARVESTING NATURAL RUBBER / STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) / POLYMERS FROM 1,4-DIENES / POLYISOBUTYLENE / HEAT-SOFTENED ELASTOMERS / OTHER SYNTHETIC ELASTOMERS / 10 10 PROCESSING OF ELASTOMERS / 10 11 TIRES / 10 12 THE BOUNCE / PAINTS, COATINGS, SEALANTS, AND ADHESIVES HISTORY OF PAINTS / PAINT / PAINT RESINS / WATER-BASED PAINTS / PIGMENTS / APPLICATION TECHNIQUES FOR COATINGS / END USES FOR COATINGS / SOLVENT SELECTION / SEALANTS / 11 10 HISTORY OF ADHESIVES / 11 11 ADHESION / 11 12 TYPES OF ADHESIVES / 11 13 RESINOUS ADHESIVES / COMPOSITES THEORY / FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES / A FIBERS / B MATRIXES (RESINS) / PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES—LARGE-PARTICLE COMPOSITES / APPLICATIONS / PROCESSING—FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES / PROCESSING—STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES / PROCESSING—LAMINATES / 12 10 NANOCOMPOSITES / NATURE’S GIANT MOLECULES: THE PLANT KINGDOM SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES (SMALL MOLECULES) / CELLULOSE / COTTON / PAPER / STARCH / OTHER CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS / LIGNIN / BITUMENS / 13 10 OTHER NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM PLANTS / 13 11 PHOTOSYNTHESIS / NATURE’S GIANT MOLECULES: THE ANIMAL KINGDOM AMINO ACIDS / PROTEINS / PROTEIN STRUCTURE / ENZYMES / WOOL / SILK / NUCLEIC ACIDS / THE GENETIC CODE / 14 10 GENETIC ENGINEERING / 14 11 DNA PRO?LING / 14 12 MELANINS / DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL POLYMERS DERIVATIVES OF CELLULOSE / DERIVATIVES OF STARCH / LEATHER / REGENERATED PROTEIN / NATURAL RUBBER / DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL RUBBER / MODI?ED WOOL / JAPANESE LACQUER / 15 10 NATURAL POLYMERS THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY / 15 11 OTHER PRODUCTS BASED ON NATURAL POLYMERS / INORGANIC POLYMERS PORTLAND CEMENT / OTHER CEMENTS / SILICATES / SILICON DIOXIDE (AMORPHOUS)—GLASS / SILICON DIOXIDE (CRYSTALLINE)—QUARTZ / ASBESTOS / POLYMERIC CARBON—DIAMOND / POLYMERIC CARBON—GRAPHITE / 16 10 POLYMERIC CARBON—NANOTUBES / 16 11 CERAMICS / 16 12 HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS / 16 13 VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR / SPECIALTY POLYMERS WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS / OIL-SOLUBLE POLYMERS / POLYMERIC FOAMS / POLYMER CEMENT / XEROGRAPHY / PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS / CONDUCTIVE AND SEMICONDUCTIVE MATERIALS / SILICON CHIPS / ION-EXCHANGE RESINS AND ANCHORED CATALYSTS / 17 10 PHOTOACTIVE MATERIALS / 17 11 CONTROLLED-RELEASE POLYMERS / 17 12 DENDRITES / 17 13 IONOMERS / 17 14 LIQUID CRYSTALS / 17 15 RECYCLING CODES / 17 16 SMART MATERIALS / ADDITIVES AND STARTING MATERIALS FILLERS / REINFORCEMENTS / COUPLING AGENTS / ANTIOXIDANTS / HEAT STABILIZERS / ULTRAVIOLET STABILIZERS / FLAME RETARDANTS / PLASTICIZERS / 18 10 IMPACT MODI?ERS / 18 11 COLORANTS / 18 12 CATALYSTS AND CURING AGENTS / 18 13 FOAMING AGENTS / 18 14 BIOCIDES / 18 15 LUBRICANTS AND PROCESSING AIDS / 18 16 ANTISTATS / 18 17 STARTING MATERIALS / THE FUTURE OF GIANT MOLECULES THE AGE OF GIANT MOLECULES / RECYCLING GIANT MOLECULES / EMERGING AREAS / NEW PRODUCTS /