PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
CELL AND ITS BIOCHEMICAL SETUP INTRODUCTION STRUCTURE OF AN ANIMAL CELL COMPOSITION OF HUMAN CELL EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES COMPARISON BETWEEN LYSOSOME AND RIBOSOME TYPES OF CELLS IN HUMAN BODY PERIPHERAL PROTEINS TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE 1 10 FACILITATED DIFFUSION 1 11 PERMEABILITY OF MOLECULES ACROSS PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYERS 1 12 THERMODYNAMIC BASIS OF TRANSPORT 1 13 EXAMPLES OF ANTIPORT AND SYMPORT SYSTEM 1 14 CA2+ ATPASE THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF THE CELL ENTHALPY AND FREE ENERGY CHANGES IN BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES EFFECTS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CHANGES DISTRIBUTION OF IONS ACROSS MEMBRANES DISTRIBUTION OF IONS NEAR CHARGED MEMBRANES AND MACROMOLECULES OSMOTIC EFFECTS ROLE OF CHEMICAL POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENTS AND PHASES ON ENERGY AND ENTROPY SURFACE FREE ENERGIES AND SURFACE TENSION 2 10 MOLECULAR AGGREGATION 2 11 NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL CELLS 2 12 BACTERIAL CELL AS A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM 2 13 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE CELL AND ENVIRONMENT 2 14 CONCEPT OF STEADY STATE 2 15 NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2 16 LINEAR LAWS 2 17 FORCE AND FLOWS IN LIVING SYSTEMS 2 18 CHEMICAL POTENTIAL AND MASS TRANSFER: ACTIVATED SUPPORT 2 19 APPLICABILITY OF LINEAR LAWS 2 20 NON-LINEAR DESCRIPTIONS 2 21 SIMPLE CELL FUNCTIONS IN NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS 2 22 BATCH CULTURES 2 23 THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS CARBOHYDRATES, THEIR REACTIONS, THERMOCHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MONOSACCHARIDES OTHER MONOSACCHARIDES GLYCOSIDES OLIGOSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES CELL WALLS OF BACTERIA THERMOCHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES GIBBS FREE ENERGY CHANGES FOR REACTIONS 3 10 ENOLIC PHOSPHATE 3 11 GUANIDINIUM PHOSPHATES 3 12 CARBOHYDRATES AND MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS LIPIDS PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS BONDING IN LIPIDS CLASSI?CATION REACTIONS ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS NOMENCLATURE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS LIPOPROTEINS ROLE OF LIPIDS IN CELL FUNCTION 4 10 DISTRIBUTION OF LIPIDS 4 11 PHYSICOCHEMICAL DATA ON LIPIDS 4 12 LIPID BI-LAYERS 4 13 GLYCOLIPIDS ON THE SURFACE OF ALL MEMBRANES 4 14 INTERFACIAL STUDIES OF LIPID BILAYERS AMINO ACIDS CLASSI?CATION OF AMINO ACIDS CHIRALITY OF AMINO ACIDS ACID-BASE PROPERTIES REACTIONS OF AMINO ACIDS BIOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE OF AMINO ACIDS ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF AMINO ACIDS PEPTIDES CLASSES OF PEPTIDES FUNCTIONS OF PEPTIDES ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF PEPTIDES PEPTIDES AS BIOSENSORS CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF PEPTIDE FILMS PROTEINS COMPOSITION OF PROTEINS SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEINS CLASSI?CATION OF PROTEINS NATURE OF BONDS IN PROTEIN STRUCTURE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS ROLE OF AMINO ACIDS IN PROTEINS EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS HEMOGLOBIN 7 10 ANTIBODIES 7 11 HORMONES 7 12 DENATURATION OF PROTEINS 7 13 HELIX-COIL TRANSITIONS IN PROTEINS 7 14 KINETICS OF HELIX-COIL TRANSFORMATION 7 15 MEMBRANE PROTEINS 7 16 MODELLING OF TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS 7 17 LEVINTHAL PARADOX 7 18 PROTEINS IN NUTRITION NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION (DNA & RNA) EXAMPLES OF NUCLEOTIDES NAMING OF NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES ENZYMES DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENZYMES NATURE OF ENZYME ACTION MICHAELIS-MENTEN MECHANISM EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENZYME-CATALYSED REACTIONS SPECI?CITY OF AN ENZYME CLASSI?CATION OF ENZYMES INHIBITORS OF ENZYMES REVERSIBLE INHIBITION 9 10 UNCOMPETITIVE INHIBITION 9 11 ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES 9 12 OLIGOMERIC ENZYMES 9 13 ISOENZYMES 9 14 BIFUNCTIONAL OLIGOMERIC ENZYMES 9 15 MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES 9 16 MODI?CATION OF THE SPECI?CITY OF AN OLIGOMERIC ENZYME 9 17 MEASUREMENT OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF LACTOSE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT ORGANISMS 9 18 TURN OVER RATES (T O R) OF SOME ENZYMES 9 19 IMMOBILISATION OF ENZYMES 10 CO-ENZYMES AND VITAMINS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 RELATION BETWEEN CO-ENZYMES AND VITAMINS 10 3 VITAMINS 10 4 BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONING OF THE B-VITAMIN GROUP 10 5 BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION OF BIOTIN 10 6 ADSORPTION OF RIBO?AVIN 10 7 SURFACE TENSION DATA OF COMPLEXES WITH VITAMIN-A 11 BIOENERGETICS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 METABOLISM 11 3 COUPLED REACTIONS 11 4 ATP AS AN ENERGY SOURCE 11 5 HIGH PHOSPHORYL CAPACITY OF ATP 11 6 SIGNI?CANCE OF PHOSPHORYL TRANSFER POTENTIAL (PTP) 11 7 INTRACELLULAR CONDITIONS PERTAINING TO ATP HYDROLYSIS 11 8 METHODS BY WHICH ATP TRANSFERS ENERGY 11 9 CITRIC ACID CYCLE 11 10REACTIONS OF THE TCA CYCLE 12 BIOSENSORS 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR 12 3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOSENSORS 12 4 ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS 12 5 ENZYMATIC SENSING OF GLUCOSE 12 6 ESTIMATION OF MICHAELIS-MENTEN CONSTANTS 12 7 NON-ENZYMATIC SENSING OF GLUCOSE 12 8 ENZYMATIC SENSING OF UREA PART II BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES 13 SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 DETAILS OF SPR SET UP 13 3 SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE AND REFRACTIVE INDICES 13 4 KINETIC APPLICATIONS OF SPR SPECTROSCOPY 14 AF?NITY CHROMATOGRAPHY 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 METHODOLOGY 14 3 TYPES OF AF?NITY CHROMATOGRAPHY (A C ) 14 4 KINETIC APPLICATIONS OF AF?NITY CHROMATOGRAPHY 15 CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 BASIC INSTRUMENTATION 15 3 CAPILLARY DIAMETER AND JOULE HEATING 15 4 VARIOUS TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS 15 5 CHIRAL RECOGNITION 16 NMR TECHNIQUE IN THE ELUCIDATION OF BIOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS 16 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 BASICS OF NMR 16 3 APPLICATIONS OF NMR 16 4 APPLICATIONS OF NMR IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 17 APPLICATIONS OF ESR 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 ADVANCES IN MAGIC ANGLE SPINNING (MAS) NMR 17 3 PROTEIN STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 17 4 ELECTRON NUCLEAR DOUBLE RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (ENDOR), ELECTRON SPIN ECHO ENVELOPE MODULATION (ESEEM) AND HYPER?NE SUB-LEVEL CORRELATION (HYSCORE) SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES 17 5 STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMICAL INFORMATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 17 6 TOPOLOGY OF PROTEINS 17 7 SDSLEPR METHODS UNDER HIGH FIELDS/ HIGH FREQUENCIES 17 8 DOUBLE SITE-DIRECTED SPIN LABELING METHODS 17 9 OTHER IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 18 FLOW METHODS FOR THE KINETIC STUDY OF FAST BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 18 1 INTRODUCTION 18 2 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 18 3 REACTIONS STUDIED USING THIS TECHNIQUE 18 4 APPLICATIONS TO UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS 18 5 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING COMPETITIVE REACTIONS 18 6 APPLICATIONS INVOLVING MULTI-STEP REACTIONS 19 TEMPERATURE JUMP RELAXATION TECHNIQUE 19 1 INTRODUCTION 19 2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE APPARATUS 19 3 FOLLOW UP OF THE CHANGE IN CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 19 4 APPLICATIONS 20 FLASH PHOTOLYSIS TECHNIQUE 20 1 INTRODUCTION 20 2 PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 20 3 APPLICATIONS 21 PRESSURE JUMP RELAXATION METHOD 21 1 INTRODUCTION 21 2 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT AND METHODOLOGY 21 3 APPLICATIONS 22 CIRCULAR DICHROISM AS A TOOL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 22 1 INTRODUCTION 22 2 PRINCIPLE 22 3 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP 22 4 METHODOLOGY 22 5 DISADVANTAGES AS LIMITATIONS 22 6 APPLICATIONS 23 APPLICATIONS OF ISOTHERMAL CALORIMETRY 23 1 INTRODUCTION 23 2 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP 23 3 APPLICATIONS 23 4 MUTATIONAL STUDIES 23 5 INTERACTION OF TRANSDUCER FRAGMENTS 24 PRINCIPLES OF DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY 24 1 INTRODUCTION 24 2 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP 24 3 METHODOLOGY 24 4 ILLUSTRATIVE APPLICATION OF DSC 25 APPLICATIONS OF GEL FILTRATION TECHNIQUE IN THE SEPARATION OF BIOMOLECULES 25 1 INTRODUCTION 25 2 METHODOLOGY OF GEL FILTRATION 25 3 PRINCIPLE OF GEL FILTRATION 25 4 APPLICATIONS 26 GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 26 1 INTRODUCTION 26 2 NATURE OF GELS COMMONLY EMPLOYED 26 3 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 26 4 APPLICATIONS OF GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 26 5 ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING (IEF) 27 USES OF ANALYTICAL ULTRACENTRIFUGATION METHODS 27 1 INTRODUCTION 27 2 DETAILS OF THE APPARATUS 27 3 DETECTION METHOD AND DATA COLLECTION 27 4 RAYLEIGH INTERFERENCE OPTICS 27 5 APPLICATIONS 27 6 DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENTATION COEF?CIENT 27 7 EFFECT OF ASSOCIATION ON SEDIMENTATION COEF?CIENT 27 8 ACTIVE ENZYME SEDIMENTATION 27 9 ESTIMATION OF DIFFUSION COEF?CIENTS 27 10ESTIMATION OF MOLAR MASS 27 11THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF ASSOCIATION REACTIONS 27 12SEDIMENTATION IN BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS 27 13DENSITY GRADIENT SEDIMENTATION EQUILIBRIUM 28 ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 28 1 INTRODUCTION 28 2 MECHANISM OF ION EXCHANGE 28 3 APPLICATIONS 28 4 PURI?CATION OF ADENOVIRUS 28 5 SEPARATION OF MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS 28 6 SEPARATION OF SOYABEAN PROTEINS 28 7 CHOICE OF COLUMN MEDIA 29 SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING 29 1 INTRODUCTION 29 2 PRINCIPLE OF SERS 29 3 EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS 29 4 APPLICATIONS OF SERS 30 MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS OF BIOMOLECULES 30 1 INTRODUCTION 30 2 PRINCIPLE OF THE TECHNIQUE 30 3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A MASS SPECTROMETER 30 4 IONISATION METHODS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY 30 5 APPLICATIONS 30 6 ANALYSIS OF GLYCOPROTEINS 30 7 ESI OF EQUINE APOMYOGLOBIN 30 8 ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHOPROTEINS 30 9 PROTEIN LADDER SEQUENCING 30 10SPECI?C EXAMPLES OF BIOMOLECULES 30 11PEPTIDES, PROTEINS AND POLYNUCLEOTIDES 30 12POLYSACCHARIDES 31 X-RAY STUDIES IN THE ELUCIDATION OF STRUCTURE OF BIOMOLECULES 31 1 INTRODUCTION 31 2 BRAGG’S LAW 31 3 STRUCTURAL DETERMINATION OF PROTEINS 31 4 X-RAY STRUCTURES OF HAEMOGLOBIN AND MYOGLOBIN 31 5 PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS 31 6 RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT 32 CRISPR-CAS-9, A METHOD FOR GENOME EDITING 32 2 GENESIS OF THE DISCOVERY 32 3 DETAILS ON ENZYME “CAS-9” 32 4 CAS-9 MECHANISM 32 5 TARGET DNA BINDING AND CLEAVAGE BY CAS-9