TREATISE ON APPLIED ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: METHODS & STANDARDS FOR PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIAL & FOOD PRODUCTS
CONTENTS 1 DEFORMULATION PRINCIPLES 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS 2 1 3 FORMULATION AND DEFORMULATION 2 1 2 SURFACE ANALYSIS 2 1 LIGHT MICROSCOPY LM 7 2 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS 7 2 1 2 EQUIPMENT 12 2 1 3 APPLICATIONS 12 2 2 1 FUNDAMENTALS 13 2 2 2 EQUIPMENT 17 2 2 3 APPLICATIONS 18 2 3 ENERGY DISPERSIVEX RAY ANALYSIS EDXRA 19 2 3 1 FUNDAMENTALS 19 2 3 2 EQUIPMENT 21 2 3 3 APPLICATIONS 21 2 4 ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS EPM 21 2 4 1 FUNDAMENTALS 21 2 4 2 EQUIPMENT 2 4 3 APPLICATIONS 22 2 5 AUGER SPECTROSCOPY AES 2 5 1 FUNDAMENTALS 24 2 5 2 EQUIPMENT 25 2 2 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY EM 13 22 24 1 7 2 5 3 APPLICATIONS 25 2 6 SCANNINGION MASS SPECTROSCOPY SIMS 27 2 6 1 FUNDAMENTALS 27 2 6 2 EQUIPMENT 27 2 6 3 APPLICATIONS 29 2 7 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ESCA 29 2 7 1 FUNDAMENTALS 29 2 7 2 EQUIPMENT 31 2 7 3 APPLICATIONS 31 2 8 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IR FOR SURFACEANALYSIS 31 2 8 1 FUNDAMENTALS 31 2 8 2 EQUIPMENT 40 2 8 3 APPLICATIONS 40 2 9 SURFACEENERGY AND CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT 42 2 9 1 FUNDAMENTALS 42 2 9 2 EQUIPMENT 44 2 9 3 APPLICATIONS 44 3 BULK ANALYSIS 3 1 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY AS 45 3 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS 45 3 1 2 EQUIPMENT 49 3 1 3 APPLICATIONS 49 3 2 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IR FOR BULK ANALYSIS 49 3 2 1 FUNDAMENTALS 49 3 2 2 EQUIPMENT 51 3 3 X RAY DIFFRACTION XRD 3 3 1 FUNDAMENTALS 58 3 3 2 EQUIPMENT 63 3 3 3 APPLICATIONS 63 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY GC 65 3 4 1 FUNDAMENTALS 65 3 4 2 EQUIPMENT 66 3 4 3 APPLICATIONS 66 3 5 1 FUNDAMENTALS 70 3 5 2 EQUIPMENT 77 3 6 THERMAL ANALYSIS 77 58 3 4 GEL PERMEATION GPC HIGH PRESSURELIQUID HPLC AND 3 5 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY NMR 70 3 5 3 APPLICATIONS 77 45 3 6 1 FUNDAMENTALS 77 3 6 2 EQUIPMENT 77 3 6 3 APPLICATIONS 79 3 7 VISCOMETRIC ANALYSIS 85 3 7 1 FUNDAMENTALS 85 3 7 2 EQUIPMENT 88 3 7 3 APPLICATIONS 88 3 8 X RAY MICROSCOPY 89 3 8 1 FUNDAMENTALS 89 3 8 2 EQUIPMENT 90 3 8 3 APPLICATIONS 91 3 9 MASS SPECTROSCOPY 92 3 9 1 FUNDAMENTALS 92 3 9 2 EQUIPMENT 92 3 9 3 APPLICATIONS 92 3 10 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY 92 3 10 1 FUNDAMENTALS 92 3 10 2 EQUIPMENT 96 3 10 3 APPLICATIONS 96 4 PAINT FORMULATIONS 4 1 GENERAL 97 4 1 1 THE PAINT FORMULA 4 1 2 FUNCTIONS OF PAINT AND COATINGS 4 1 3 CLASSIFICATION 98 4 2 SOLVENT SYSTEMS 101 4 3 WATERBORNE SYSTEMS 101 4 4 POWDER SYSTEMS 101 4 5 ELECTRODEPOSITION SYSTEMS 101 4 5 1 ANIONIC ELECTRODEPOSITION COATINGS 4 5 2 CATIONIC ELECTRODEPOSITION COATINGS 103 4 6 THERMAL SPRAY POWDER COATINGS 4 7 PLASMA SPRAY COATINGS 105 4 7 1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 105 4 7 2 PLASMA SPRAYABLE THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS 4 7 3 ADVANTAGES OF PLASMA SPRAYED COATINGS 4 8 FLUIDIZED BED COATINGS 106 4 9 VAPOR DEPOSITION COATINGS 106 4 10 PLASMA POLYMERIZED COATINGS 106 97 98 102 106 104 106 97 5 PAINT MATERIALS 5 1 OILS 109 5 1 1 COMPOSITION 109 5 1 2 PROPERTIES 109 5 1 3 OIL TREATMENTS 110 5 1 4 LINSEED OIL 110 5 1 5 SOYBEAN OIL 110 5 1 6 TUNG OIL CHINA WOOD OIL 110 5 1 7 OITICICA OIL 111 5 1 8 FISH OIL 111 5 1 9 DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL 111 5 1 10 SAFFLOWER OIL 111 5 1 11 TALL OILS 111 5 2 RESINS 112 5 2 1 GENERAL 112 5 2 2 ROSIN 112 5 2 3 ESTER GUM 112 5 2 4 PENTARESIN 112 5 2 5 COUMARONE INDENE CUMAR RESINS 113 5 2 6 PURE PHENOLIC RESINS 113 5 2 7 MODIFIED PHENOLIC RESINS 1 1 3 5 2 8 MALEIC RESINS 113 5 2 9 ALKYD RESINS 114 5 2 10 UREA RESINS 114 5 2 11 MELAMINE RESINS 114 5 2 12 VINYL RESINS 5 2 13 PETROLEUM RESINS 115 115 5 2 14 EPOXY RESINS 115 5 2 15 POLYESTER RESINS 115 5 2 16 POLYSTYRENE RESINS 115 5 2 17 ACRYLIC RESINS 116 5 2 18 SILICONERESINS 116 5 2 19 RUBBER BASED RESINS 116 5 2 20 CHLORINATED RESINS 116 5 2 21 URETHANES 117 5 3 LACQUERS 117 5 4 PLASTICIZERS 118 5 5 WATER BASEDPOLYMERS AND EMULSIONS 119 5 5 1 STYRENE BUTADIENE 119 5 5 2 POLYVINYL ACETATE 119 5 5 3 ACRYLICS 119 109 5 5 4 OTHER POLYMERS AND EMULSIONS 120 5 6 DRIERS 121 5 6 1 COBALT 121 5 6 2 LEAD 121 122 5 6 3 MANGANESE 5 6 4 CALCIUM 122 5 6 5 ZIRCONIUM 122 5 6 6 OTHER METALS 122 5 7 2 ANTISETTLINGAGENTS 123 5 7 3 ANTISKINNINGAGENTS 123 BODYING AND PUFFINGAGENTS 123 5 7 5 ANTIFLOATING AGENTS 123 LOSS OF DRY INHIBITORS 123 5 7 7 LEVELING AGENTS 124 5 7 8 FOAMING 124 GRINDING OF PIGMENTS 124 5 7 10 PRESERVATIVES 124 5 7 11 MILDEWCIDES 124 5 7 12 ANTISAGGINGAGENTS 124 5 7 13 GLOSSINGAGENTS 124 5 7 14 FLATTING AGENTS 124 5 7 15 PENETRATION 125 5 7 16 WETTING AGENTS FOR WATER BASED PAINT 125 5 7 17 FREEZE THAW STABILIZERS 125 5 7 18 COALESCINGAGENTS 125 5 8 1 PETROLEUM SOLVENTS 126 5 8 2 AROMATIC SOLVENTS 127 5 8 3 ALCOHOLS ESTERS AND KETONES 127 WHITE HIDING PIGMENTS 129 5 9 3 BLACK PIGMENTS 131 5 9 4 RED PIGMENTS 131 5 9 5 VIOLET PIGMENTS 133 5 9 6 BLUE PIGMENTS 133 5 9 7 YELLOW PIGMENTS 134 5 9 8 ORANGE PIGMENTS 135 5 9 9 GREEN PIGMENTS 135 122 5 7 1 GENERAL 122 5 7 PAINT ADDITIVES 5 7 4 5 7 6 5 7 9 5 8 SOLVENTS 125 128 5 9 PIGMENTS 5 9 1 GENERAL 128 5 9 2