TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS 1 ORIGINS OF GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1 1 THE ECOLOGICAL PARADIGM 1 2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1 3 THE BAD CONSCIENCE OF CONSUMERS OF REAGENTS AND WASTE GENERATION 1 4 CLEAN ANALYTICAL METHODS 1 5 GREEN CHEMISTRY 1 6 THE INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1 7 THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY REFERENCES 2 THE BASIS OF A GREENER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2 1 THE SIDE EFFECTS OF REAGENTS AND SOLVENTS 2 2 THE ENERGY COSTS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2 3 WASTE GENERATION AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISKS 2 4 STRATEGIES FOR GREENING ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 3 A GREEN EVALUATION OF EXISTING ANALYTICAL METHODS 3 1 TOXICOLOGICAL DATA OF REAGENTS 3 2 EVALUATION OF THE CONTACT OF OPERATORS WITH REAGENTS AND WASTES 3 3 EVALUATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION 3 4 EVALUATION OF REAGENT CONSUMPTION AND WASTE GENERATION 3 5 COMPATIBILITY OF GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES AND THE MAIN ANALYTICAL FIGURES OF MERIT 4 AVOIDING SAMPLE TREATMENTS 4 1 REMOTE SENSING 4 2 NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENTS ON BLISTERS, BOTTLES, OR VIALS 4 3 DIRECT ANALYSIS WITHOUT SAMPLE DAMAGE 4 4 DIRECT METHODS WITH SAMPLE DAMAGE 5 GREENING SAMPLE TREATMENTS 5 1 SOLID SAMPLE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES 5 2 EXTRACTION OF LIQUID SAMPLES 5 3 EXTRACTION OF VOLATILE ANALYTES; DIRECT THERMAL DESORPTION 5 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 6 MULTIANALYTE DETERMINATION VERSUS ONE-AT-A-TIME METHODOLOGIES 6 1 MULTIANALYTE DETERMINATION IN SPECTROSCOPY 6 2 MULTIANALYTE DETERMINATION IN MS 6 3 MULTICOMPONENT DETERMINATION IN CHROMATOGRAPHY AND CE 6 4 MS AS DETECTOR IN SEPARATION SYSTEMS 7 DOWNSIZING THE METHODS 7 1 MINIMIZATION OF THE REAGENTS CONSUMED THROUGH AUTOMATION 7 2 MINIATURIZATION OF THE SAMPLE PREPARATION SYSTEMS 7 3 MTAS OR “LAB-ON-A-CHIP” 7 4 ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION 7 5 SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION 7 6 UPLC, MICRO-, AND NANO-LC 8 MOVING FROM WASTES TO CLEAN WASTES 8 1 THE PROBLEM OF ANALYTICAL WASTES 8 2 REPLACEMENT OF TOXIC REAGENTS 8 3 USE OF ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS 8 4 ON-LINE DECONTAMINATION OF WASTES 8 5 RECYCLING OF WASTES 9 IDEAS FOR A CHANGE OF MENTALITY AND PRACTICES 9 1 INTRODUCING SUSTAINABLE PARAMETERS IN THE EVALUATION OF METHODS 9 2 ECONOMIC BALANCES OF SUSTAINABILITY 9 3 DOWNSIZING THE SCALE OF PROBLEMS 9 4 CREATING NEW RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SAMPLES AND OPERATORS 10 PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 10 1 THE USE OF GREEN TERMS 10 2 THE NEED OF CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR ANALYTICAL METHODS CONCERNING SUSTAINABILITY 10 3 PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED IN ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES 10 4 PRACTICES TO BE IMPROVED IN ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES 10 5 GREENING THE ANALYTICAL PUBLICATIONS 10 6 TEACHING GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY