QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: A LABORATORY GUIDE
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER MICROMACHINING METHODS MICROMACHINING OF SILICON ETCHING OF SI MICROCHANNELS BONDING OF SI CHIPS MICROMACHINING OF GLASS ETCHING OF GLASS MICROCHANNELS DRILLING OF GLASS FOR ACCESS-HOLE FORMATION GLASS BONDING MICROMACHINING OF FUSED QUARTZ (OR FUSED SILICA) FUSED QUARTZ CHANNEL ETCHING AND HOLE-DRILLING BONDING OF FUSED QUARTZ CHIPS MICROMACHINING OF POLYMERIC CHIPS CASTING INJECTION MOLDING ABLATION WIRE IMPRINTING COMPRESSION MOLDING PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OTHER PLASTIC MICROMACHINING PROCESSES PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN POLYMERIC CHIPS OPTICAL PROPERTIES ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES THERMAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES SURFACE PROPERTIES SOLVENT-RESISTANT PROPERTIES METAL PATTERNING WORLD-TO-CHIP INTERFACE MICRO?UIDIC FLOW LIQUID PUMPING METHODS ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW (EOF) PRESSURE-DRIVEN FLOW CENTRIFUGAL PUMPING ALTERNATIVE PUMPING PRINCIPLES EOF-INDUCED FLOW ELECTROCHEMICAL BUBBLE GENERATION THERMALLY INDUCED PUMPING SURFACE ENERGY PNEUMATIC CONTROL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC (MHD) PUMPING EVAPORATION MISCELLANEOUS PUMPING METHODS MICRO?UIDIC FLOW MODELING STUDY MICRO?UIDIC FLOW CONTROL SURFACE MODI?CATIONS FOR FLOW CONTROL LAMINAR FLOW FOR LIQUID EXTRACTION AND MICROFABRICATION GENERATION OF CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS FLOW SWITCHING FLUID MIXING DIFFUSIVE MIXING CHAOTIC ADVECTION OSCILLATING FLOW ACOUSTIC MIXING OTHER MIXING METHODS LIQUID DISPENSING SAMPLE INTRODUCTION ELECTROKINETIC INJECTION PINCHED INJECTION GATED INJECTION HYDRODYNAMIC INJECTION OTHER SAMPLE INJECTION METHODS SAMPLE PRE-CONCENTRATION SAMPLE STACKING EXTRACTION POROUS MEMBRANE OTHER PRE-CONCENTRATION METHODS SEPARATION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC) CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS (CE) 1 FREE-SOLUTION CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS (FSCE) CAPILLARY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (CGE) MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY (MEKC) ISOTACHOPHORESIS (ITP) CAPILLARY ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY (CEC) SYNCHRONIZED CYCLIC CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS (SCCE) FREE-FLOW ELECTROPHORESIS (FFE) DERIVATIZATIONS FOR CE FOR SEPARATIONS PRE-COLUMN DERIVATIZATION POST-COLUMN DERIVATIZATION CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATIONS COUPLED SEPARATIONS FRACTION COLLECTION TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATIONS DETECTION METHODS OPTICAL DETECTION METHODS FLUORESCENCE DETECTION SINGLE-CHANNEL FLUORESCENCE DETECTION SCANNING DETECTOR BACKGROUND REDUCTION PHOTOBLEACHING EFFECT INTEGRATED FLUORESCENT DETECTOR INDIRECT FLUORESCENT DETECTION MULTIPLE-POINT FLUORESCENT DETECTION ABSORBANCE DETECTION PLASMA EMISSION DETECTION CHEMILUMINESCENCE (CL) DETECTOR REFRACTIVE INDEX (RI) THERMAL LENS MICROSCOPE (TLM) RAMAN SCATTERING 7 1 10 SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE 7 1 11 INFRARED DETECTION ELECTROCHEMICAL (EC) DETECTION AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION VOLTAMMETRIC DETECTION POTENTIOMETRIC DETECTION CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION MASS SPECTROMETRY (MS) ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION (ESI) MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION (MALDI) OTHER DETECTION METHODS THERMAL DETECTION ACOUSTIC WAVE DETECTION NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) APPLICATIONS TO CELLULAR/PARTICLE ANALYSIS RETENTION OF CELLS AND PARTICLES SLIT-TYPE FILTERS WEIR-TYPE FILTERS CELL ADHESION POLYMER ENTRAPMENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW CONTROL OPTICAL TRAPPING OF CELLS DIELECTROPHORESIS (DEP) STUDIES OF CELLS IN A FLOW OTHER CELL OPERATIONS CELL CULTURE ELECTROPORATION CHIP CLEANING AND STERILIZATION PREVENTION OF CELL ADHESION APPLICATIONS TO NUCLEIC ACIDS ANALYSIS NUCLEIC ACIDS EXTRACTION AND PURI?CATION NUCLEIC ACIDS AMPLI?CATION DNA AMPLI?CATION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) SURFACE PASSIVATION OF PCR CHAMBERS INTEGRATED DNA ANALYSIS MICROSYSTEMS REAL-TIME PCR FLOW-THROUGH PCR OTHER DNA AMPLI?CATION TECHNIQUES RNA AMPLI?CATION DNA HYBRIDIZATION MICROCHANNEL DNA HYBRIDIZATION MICROARRAY DNA HYBRIDIZATION OTHER NUCLEIC ACID APPLICATIONS DNA SEQUENCING GENETIC ANALYSIS SEPARATION OF LARGE DNA MOLECULES CHAPTER 10 APPLICATIONS TO PROTEIN ANALYSIS 10 1 IMMUNOASSAY 10 1 1 HOMOGENEOUS IMMUNOASSAY 10 1 2 HETEROGENEOUS IMMUNOASSAY 10 2 PROTEIN SEPARATION 10 3 ENZYMATIC ASSAYS 10 3 1 ASSAY OF THE ENZYMES 10 3 2 ASSAY OF ANALYTES AFTER ENZYMATIC REACTIONS MINIATURIZATION 5, 12–17, 19, 21, SEPARATION 6, 9, 21, 26–34, 44, 46, 47, 53, CELLULAR ANALYSIS 6, 40–43, SAMPLE INTRODUCTION 6, 8, 10, 32, 65, MICROFABRICATION 5, 7, 8, 26, 42, 44, 72–78, MICRO?UIDIC ?OW 5, 10, 18, 39, 52, 53, MICROMIXERS 6, 11,