THE SECOND STEP IN CHEMISTRY: STUDENT'S GUIDE TO HIGHER BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
CONTENTS CHAPTER PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY 11 INTRODUCTION 12 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GREEN CHEMISTRY 13 ATOM ECONOMY 14 ATOM ECONOMIC REACTIONS 141 REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS 142 ADDITION REACTIONS 15 ATOM UN-ECONOMIC REACTIONS 151 SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS 152 ELIMINATION REACTIONS 153 WITTIG REACTIONS 16 REDUCING TOXICITY 161 MEASURING TOXICITY REVIEW QUESTIONS FURTHER READING CHAPTER WASTE: PRODUCTION, PROBLEMS AND PREVENTION 21 INTRODUCTION 22 SOME PROBLEMS CAUSED BY WASTE 23 SOURCES OF WASTE FROM THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 24 THE COST OF WASTE 25 WASTE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES 251 THE TEAM APPROACH TO WASTE MINIMIZATION 252 PROCESS DESIGN FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION 253 MINIMIZING WASTE FROM EXISTING PROCESSES 26 ON-SITE WASTE TREATMENT 261 PHYSICAL TREATMENT 262 CHEMICAL TREATMENT 263 BIOTREATMENT PLANTS 27 DESIGN FOR DEGRADATION 271 DEGRADATION AND SURFACTANTS 272 DDT 273 POLYMERS 274 SOME RULES FOR DEGRADATION 28 POLYMER RECYCLING 281 SEPARATION AND SORTING 282 INCINERATION 283 MECHANICAL RECYCLING 284 CHEMICAL RECYCLING TO MONOMERS MEASURING AND CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE 31 THE IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT 311 LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION 312 SAFER GASOLINE 32 INTRODUCTION TO LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 33 GREEN PROCESS METRICS 34 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 341 ISO 342 THE EUROPEAN ECO-MANAGEMENT AND AUDIT SCHEME 35 ECO-LABELS 36 LEGISLATION 361 INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL CATALYSIS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY 41 INTRODUCTION TO CATALYSIS 411 COMPARISON OF CATALYST TYPES 42 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS 421 BASICS OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 422 ZEOLITES AND THE BULK CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 423 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS IN THE FINE CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES 424 CATALYTIC CONVERTERS 43 HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS 431 TRANSITION METAL CATALYSTS WITH PHOSPHINE LIGANDS 432 GREENER LEWIS ACIDS 433 ASYMMETRIC CATALYSIS 44 PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS 441 HAZARD REDUCTION 442 C–C BOND FORMATION 443 OXIDATION USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 45 BIOCATALYSIS 46 PHOTOCATALYSIS 47 CONCLUSION ORGANIC SOLVENTS: ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN SOLUTIONS 51 ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 52 SOLVENT-FREE SYSTEMS 53 SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS 531 SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE 532 SUPERCRITICAL WATER 54 WATER AS A REACTION SOLVENT 541 WATER-BASED COATINGS 55 IONIC LIQUIDS 551 IONIC LIQUIDS AS CATALYSTS 552 IONIC LIQUIDS AS SOLVENTS 56 FLUOROUS BIPHASE SOLVENTS 57 CONCLUSION RENEWABLE RESOURCES 61 BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE RESOURCE 62 ENERGY 621 FOSSIL FUELS 622 ENERGY FROM BIOMASS 623 SOLAR POWER 624 OTHER FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 625 FUEL CELLS 63 CHEMICALS FROM RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS 631 CHEMICALS FROM FATTY ACIDS 632 POLYMERS FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES 633 SOME OTHER CHEMICALS FROM NATURAL RESOURCES 64 ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIES 641 THE SYNGAS ECONOMY 642 THE BIORE?NERY 65 CONCLUSION EMERGING GREENER TECHNOLOGIES AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES 71 DESIGN FOR ENERGY EF?CIENCY 72 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 721 ADVANTAGES OF AND CHALLENGES FACED BY PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 722 EXAMPLES OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 73 CHEMISTRY USING MICROWAVES 731 MICROWAVE HEATING 732 MICROWAVE-ASSISTED REACTIONS 74 SONOCHEMISTRY 741 SONOCHEMISTRY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY 75 ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS 751 EXAMPLES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS 76 CONCLUSION DESIGNING GREENER PROCESSES 81 CONVENTIONAL REACTORS 811 BATCH REACTORS 812 CONTINUOUS REACTORS 82 INHERENTLY SAFER DESIGN 821 MINIMIZATION 822 SIMPLI?CATION 823 SUBSTITUTION 824 MODERATION 825 LIMITATION 83 PROCESS INTENSI?CATION 831 SOME PI EQUIPMENT 832 EXAMPLES OF INTENSI?ED PROCESSES 84 IN-PROCESS MONITORING 841 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY INDUSTRIAL CASE STUDIES 91 A BRIGHTER SHADE OF GREEN 92 GREENING OF ACETIC ACID MANUFACTURE 93 EPDM RUBBERS 94 VITAMIN C 95 LEATHER MANUFACTURE 951 TANNING 952 FATLIQUORING 96 DYEING TO BE GREEN 961 SOME MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTS IMPROVEMENTS 962 DYE APPLICATION 97 POLYETHENE 971 RADICAL PROCESS 972 ZIEGLER–NATTA CATALYSIS 973 METALLOCENE CATALYSIS 98 ECO-FRIENDLY PESTICIDES 981 INSECTICIDES REFERENCES THE FUTURE’S GREEN: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO A GREENER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 101 SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABILITY 102 BARRIERS AND DRIVERS 103 THE ROLE OF LEGISLATION 1031 EU WHITE PAPER ON CHEMICALS POLICY 104 GREEN CHEMICAL SUPPLY STRATEGIES 105 CONCLUSION