SYSTEMATIC INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
DALTON’S ATOM SUB–ATOMIC PARTICLES CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTRON CONCEPT OF ELECTRON DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTON SIZE OF THE NUCLEUS DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON DETERMINATION OF NUCLEAR CHARGE (ATOMIC NUMBER) THE NUCLEAR MODEL EXISTENCE OF ISOTOPES LEPTONS NEUTRINO ATOMIC STRUCTURES: THEORETICAL CONCEPTS THE ATOMIC SPECTRA THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM EMISSION SPECTRUM ABSORPTION SPECTRUM NATURE OF RADIATION: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY SPECTRUM OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN RUTHERFORD THEORY OF ATOM OTHER DISCORDANCE REGARDING THE RADIATION 1 10 PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY: ENERGY IS NOT CONTINUOUS 1 11 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 1 11 1 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN LIGHT OF EINSTEIN THEORY 1 12 BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL 1 12 1 RADII OF THE BOHR ORBIT 1 12 2 GROUND AND EXCITED STATES: EXCITATION AND IONIZATION ENERGY 1 12 3 BOHR MODEL OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM 1 12 4 BOHR’S INTERPRETATION OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN SPECTRUM 1 12 5 TRANSITION (ENERGY LEVEL) AND WAVELENGTH ? (NM) 1 12 6 LIMITATIONS OF BOHR’S THEORY 1 12 7 ZEEMAN EFFECT 1 12 8 STARK EFFECT 1 12 9 BOHR-SOMMERFELD MODEL 1 12 10 SELECTION RULE FOR TRANSITION 1 13 THE WAVE–PARTICLE DUALITY OF MATTER 1 13 1 THE WAVE NATURE OF ELECTRONS 1 13 2 THE WAVELENGTH OF LARGE PARTICLES 1 13 3 THE WAVELENGTH OF SMALL PARTICLES 1 13 4 EVIDENCE FOR DUAL NATURE OF ELECTRON 1 13 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND MATTER WAVES 1 13 6 CONCLUSION: THE CONDITION FOR STATIONARY STATES 1 13 7 THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 1 13 8 HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 1 13 9 UNCERTAINTY IN ENERGY AND TIME 1 13 10 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 1 14 UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE AND THE CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY 1 14 1 EQUATION FOR ONE ELECTRON ATOMIC SYSTEM (HYDROGEN ATOM) 1 14 2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WAVE FUNCTION (Y) 1 14 3 SCHRÖDINGER’S WAVE EQUATION HAS NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS 1 14 4 EIGEN FUNCTION AND EIGEN VALUES 1 15 CONCEPT OF ATOMIC ORBITAL 1 15 1 GROUND STATE 1 15 2 EXCITED STATE 1 15 3 THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL APPROACH OF THE ATOM 1 16 QUANTUM NUMBERS 1 16 1 PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (N = 1, 2, 3, ) 1 16 2 AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER OR ORBITAL QUANTUM NUMBER OR ANGULAR QUANTUM NUMBER 1 16 3 MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER ML 1 16 5 RELATION BETWEEN CARTESIAN AND POLAR COORDINATES 1 16 6 RADIAL AND ANGULAR WAVE FUNCTIONS 1 16 7 NODAL SURFACES 1 16 8 RADIAL PROBABILITY 1 16 9 PENETRATION OF ORBITALS 1 16 10 CONTRACTION OF THE ORBITALS 1 16 11 ANGULAR WAVE FUNCTION 1 16 12 ANGULAR PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS 1 17 SHAPE OF ORBITALS 1 17 1 S-ORBITAL 1 17 2 P-ORBITALS 1 17 3 D-ORBITALS 1 17 4 ENERGY LEVELS FOR MULTI–ELECTRON ATOMS 1 17 5 ORBITAL ENERGIES 1 17 6 RELATIVE ENERGIES OF ELECTRONS 1 18 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ATOMS 1 18 1 PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 1 18 2 HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY 1 18 3 THE AUF BAU PRINCIPLE OR THE BUILDING–UP PRINCIPLE 1 18 4 MADELUNG’S RULE OR KLECHKOWSKI’S RULE IN 1 18 5 THE EXCHANGE ENERGY EXERCISES PERIODIC TABLE 2 2 DISCOVERY OF ELEMENTS 2 3 MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE A BRIEF DISCUSSION MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIOD TABLE DEMERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIOD TABLE 2 4 LONG FORM OF THE PERIODIC TABLE S-BLOCK ELEMENTS P-BLOCK ELEMENTS D-BLOCK ELEMENTS F-BLOCK ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN EACH PERIOD 2 5 PERIODICITY IN ATOMIC PROPERTIES EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE SIZE OF THE ATOM IONIZATION ENERGY ELECTRON AFFINITY ELECTRONEGATIVITY PAULING SCALE (1932) THE ALLRED AND ROCHOW SCALE (1958) THE ALLEN SCALE (1989) THE NAGLE SCALE (1990) MERITS AND DEMERITS OF PAULING SCALE MULLIKEN SCALE ALLRED–ROCHOW SCALE ELECTRONEGATIVITY TREND IN PERIODS AND GROUPS FACTORS AFFECTING THE ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP INERT-PAIR EFFECT INTRODUCTION ARRHENIUS CONCEPTS SOLVENT – SYSTEM CONCEPT BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT CONJUGATE ACID–BASE PAIR LUX-FLOOD CONCEPT CADY-ESLEY CONCEPT LEWIS ACID–BASE CONCEPT USANOVICH CONCEPT STRENGTH OF BRONSTED ACIDS AND BASES IN BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OF ACIDS AND BASES RELATIVE STRENGTH OF CONJUGATE ACIDS AND BASES PAIRS COMPARISON OF RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF CONJUGATE PAIRS OF ACIDS AND BASES LEVELING EFFECT OF WATER ON ACID-BASE STRENGTH ACID STRENGTH AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 3 10 HARD AND SOFT ACIDS AND BASES (HSAB) 3 10 1 DEMERITS 3 10 2 FEATURES OF CLASS (A) CLASS (B) CATIONS 3 10 3 PEARSON’S THEORY OF HARD AND SOFT ACIDS AND BASES (HSAB) 3 10 4 APPLICATIONS 3 10 5 THE GENERAL TREND IN ACID AND BASE STRENGTH STRENGTH OF HYDRO ACIDS STRENGTH OF OXYACIDS 3 10 6 INDUCTIVE EFFECTS 3 10 7 STERIC EFFECT CHEMICAL BOND IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND COORDINATE OR DATIVE COVALENT BONDS METALLIC BONDING 4 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS 4 3 LATTICE ENERGY MADELUGE CONSTANT CONCLUSIONS FROM BORN–LANDE EQUATION SOLVATION ENERGY OR HYDRATION ENERGY IONIC CHARGE POLARIZATION POLARIZABILITY POLARIZATION OF IONS CATION WITH 18 ELECTRON STRUCTURES DECREASE IN SOLUBILITY IN A POLAR SOLVENT INTENSIFICATION OF COLOR FAJANS RULES (1924) 4 5 ELECTRONEGATIVITY AND TYPES OF BONDS VARIATIONS IN BONDING DIPOLES AND BOND POLARITY SYMMETRY AND POLARITY IN MOLECULES PERCENTAGE OF IONIC CHARACTER INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OR CHEMICAL FORCES COVALENT BONDING VAN DER WAAL FORCES ORIGIN OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IONIC BONDING ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION INDUCED DIPOLE INTERACTIONS REPULSIVE FORCES HYDROGEN BONDING TYPES OF HYDROGEN BONDING INTERMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDS INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING H-BONDING APPLICATIONS NATURE OF HYDROGEN BOND STRUCTURE OF IONIC CRYSTALS RADIUS RATIO RULE LIMITATION OF RADIUS RATIO RULE INTERACTION BETWEEN IONS 4 10 SEMICONDUCTORS 4 10 1 INSULATOR 4 10 2 INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS 4 10 3 PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY 4 10 4 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR 4 10 5 TYPE OF SEMICONDUCTORS 4 11 BAND THEORY 4 12 DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS 4 12 1 INTRINSIC DEFECTS OR STOICHIOMETRIC 4 12 2 EXTRINSIC DEFECTS OR NON-STOICHIOMETRIC 4 12 3 POINT DEFECTS 4 12 4 IMPORTANCE OF DEFECTS 4 12 5 ORIGIN OF DEFECTS 4 12 7 NON-STOICHIOMETRIC DEFECT 4 12 8 METAL EXCESS DEFECTS VALENCE ELECTRON AND LEWIS SYMBOLS FOR ATOMS LEWIS STRUCTURE DOT SYMBOL LEWIS OCTET RULE LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURES FOR POLY ATOMIC SPECIES COVALENT LEWIS STRUCTURE PREDICTING LEWIS STRUCTURES OXOACIDS AND THEIR ANIONS ISO ELECTRONIC SPECIES FORMAL CHARGES IN COVALENT MOLECULES AND IONS NONEQUIVALENT LEWIS STRUCTURE EXCEPTION OF OCTET RULE RADICAL AND BIRADICALS MOLECULES WITH THE ODD NUMBER OF ELECTRONS THE VSEPR MODEL CONCLUSION THE VALENCE BOND THEORY (VBT) ELECTRONS CONFINED TO RESPECTIVE NUCLEI INCLUSION OF EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE CONTRIBUTION OF IONIC CHARACTER HYBRIDIZATION SP3 HYBRIDIZATION SP2 HYBRIDIZATION BF3 MOLECULE SP HYBRIDIZATION BEF2 MOLECULE SP3D HYBRIDZATION PCL5 MOLECULE SP3D2 HYBRIDIZATION SP3D3 HYBRIDIZATION SIGMA (S) AND PI (P) BONDS COMPARISON BETWEEN SIGMA (?) AND ? BOND RESONANCE EQUIVALENT AND NON-EQUIVALENT HYBRIDIZATION BENT’S RULE 5 10 ENERGETICS OF HYBRIDIZATION 5 11 MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY (MOT) 5 11 1 BONDING AND ANTI-BONDING ORBITALS 5 11 2 NON-BONDING ORBITALS 5 11 3 MOLECULAR ORBITAL ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAM OF H2 MOLECULE 5 11 4 CONDITIONS FOR LINEAR COMBINATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS 5 11 5 INCREASING ORDER OF ENERGY 5 11 6 MOLECULAR ORBITAL TREATMENT FOR HOMONUCLEAR DIATOMIC MOLECULE 5 11 7 MOLECULAR ORBITAL FOR HETERONUCLEAR DIATOMIC MOLECULES OCCURRENCE OF ELEMENTS 6 2 THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF METALS 6 3 METALLURGY CONCENTRATION 6 5 CONVERSION OF CONCENTRATED ORE INTO METALLIC OXIDE CALCINATION ROASTING SMELTING REDUCTION OF A METAL OXIDE CHEMICAL REDUCING METHOD REDUCTION BY OTHER METAL 6 8 SELF-REDUCTION METHOD ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION HYDROMETALLURGY THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF EXTRACTION: ELLINGHAM DIAGRAM OF A METAL REDUCTION BY CARBON REDUCTION BY METALS 6 10 REFINING OF METALS 6 10 1 OXIDATIVE REFINING 6 10 2 PARTING PROCESS 6 10 3 ELECTROLYTIC REFINING 6 10 4 KROLL’S PROCESS 6 10 5 MOND’S PROCESS 6 10 6 VAN ARKEL–DE BOER PROCESS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS NEED TO KNOW THE MATERIAL ATOMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENT ATOMIC RADII ELECTRONEGATIVETY BONDING TRENDS S-BLOCK, ELEMENTS GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC SOLUBILITY AND HYDRATION IN S-BLOCK ELEMENTS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF S BLOCK ELEMENTS: REACTION WITH OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND WATER REACTION WITH OXYGEN REACTION WITH WATER REACTION WITH NITROGEN REACTION WITH HYDROGEN OXIDES OF ALKALI METALS NORMAL OR MONOXIDE SUPEROXIDE SESQUIOXIDES SUBOXIDES OXIDES OF ALKALINE EARTH METALS MONOXIDES PEROXIDES CARBONATES SODIUM CARBONATE POTASSIUM CARBONATE ALKALINE EARTH METAL CARBONATES SULFATES PLASTER OF PARIS 7 10 NITRATES 7 11 EDTA COMPLEX WITH MG AND CA 7 12 ALKALI METALS COMPLEXES 7 13 CROWN ETHER COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS 7 14 CRYPTATES 7 15 THE ALKALIDE IONS 7 16 1 CONDUCTANCE 7 16 2 MAGNETIC PROPERTY P-BLOCK ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 8 2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII 8 3 THE GROUP 13 ELEMENTS ABUNDANCE AND OCCURRENCE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION GENERAL PROPERTIES OXIDATION STATES AND VALENCE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR CHEMISTRY 8 4 HYDRIDES BORANES/BORON HYDRIDE HYDROLYSIS HYDROBORATION REACTION WITH HYDRIDES OF ALKALI METALS STRUCTURE OF DIBORANE MOLECULAR ORBITAL APPROACH EVIDENCE OF BONDING IN DIBORANE HIGHER BORANES 8 5 BORATE 8 5 1 BONDING IN BORATES OXYGEN COMPOUNDS HALIDES BORON HALIDES TRIHALIDES TRANS-HALOGENATION MONOMERIC TRIHALIDES OF BORON HALIDES OF AL, GA, IN AND TL 8 8 BORAZINE/BORAZOLE/TRIBORINE TRIAMINE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 8 10 THE GROUP 14 ELEMENTS 8 11 ALLOTROPES OF CARBON 8 11 1 DIAMOND 8 11 2 GRAPHITE 8 12 CARBON CLUSTERS 8 13 HYDRIDES 8 14 OXIDES AND OXOACIDS 8 14 1 OXIDES OF CARBON 8 14 2 OXIDES OF SILICON 8 14 3 OXIDES OF GE, SN AND PB 8 15 SILICATES 8 15 1 SOLUBLE SILICATES 8 15 2 INSOLUBLE SILICATES 8 15 3 CLASSIFICATION OF SILICATES BASED ON (SIO4)4– LINKAGE 8 16 SILICONS 8 17 HALIDES 8 17 1 HALIDES OF CARBON 8 17 2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 8 18 FREONS 8 19 NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 8 19 1 NITROGEN COMPOUNDS OF SILICON 8 20 CARBIDES 8 21 THE GROUP 15 ELEMENTS 8 22 ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHOROUS 8 23 HYDRIDES 8 24 HALIDES 8 25 OXOHALIDES OF PHOSPHOROUS 8 26 OXIDES 8 27 OXIDES OF NITROGEN 8 28 OXO-ACIDS OF PHOSPHOROUS 8 29 PHOSPHAZENES 8 30 NITRIDES 8 31 THE GROUP 16 ELEMENTS OXYGEN 8 32 ALLOTROPS OF SULFUR 8 33 OXOACIDS OF SULFUR 8 34 PEROXO ACIDS OF SULFUR 8 35 HALIDES 8 36 OXOHALIDES OF SULFUR 8 37 HYDRIDES 8 38 THE GROUP 17 ELEMENTS 8 39 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF HALOGENS 8 40 HALOGEN OXIDES 8 41 OXOACIDS AND OXOANIONS 8 42 HYDRIDES OF HALOGENS OR HYDROGEN HALIDES: HX 8 43 INTERHALOGENS 8 44 PSEUDOHALOGENS 8 45 THE GROUP 18 ELEMENTS 8 46 CLATHRATE COMPOUNDS 8 47 FLUORIDES OF NOBLE GASES 8 48 STRUCTURE AND BONDING IN XENON FLUORIDES