PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS CHAPTER USES AND APPLICATIONS OF EXTRACTS FROM NATURAL SOURCES INTRODUCTION USES AND APPLICATIONS COLORING AGENTS FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCES: ESSENTIAL OILS EDIBLE FATS AND OILS FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICALS CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES CHAPTER EXTRACTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS: PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF EXTRACTION EXHAUSTIVE VERSUS NON-EXHAUSTIVE EXTRACTION METHODS CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES SOAKING SOXHLET DISTILLATION WITH WATER AND/OR STEAM MAIN EXTRACTION VARIABLES PREPARATION OF THE SOLID SOLVENT TEMPERATURE TIME SOLVENT TO FEED RATIO CASE STUDY ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION ULTRASOUND PRINCIPLES INSTRUMENTATION IMPORTANT PARAMETERS ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION: APPLICATIONS IN FOOD EXAMPLES OF SOLVENT-FREE ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOIDS CAROTENOIDS USES AND CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION SOLVENT-FREE ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF B-CAROTENE ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF UAE PROCESS COSTS AND INVESTMENT IN INDUSTRIAL ULTRASOUND CONCLUSION MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PRINCIPLES OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION MICROWAVE HEATING PRINCIPLE MICROWAVE HEATING APPLIED TO PLANT MATRICES MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION OVEN DESIGN REACTOR DESIGN PARAMETER IN?UENCE ON MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE EXTRACTION TIME POWER NATURE OF THE MATRIX TRENDS IN MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION AND APPLICATIONS EXTRACTION OF SENSITIVE COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION METHODS IMPROVED BY MICROWAVE HEATING GREEN EXTRACTION WITHOUT SOLVENT OPTIMIZATION OF THE PRESSURIZED SOLVENT-FREE MICROWAVE EXTRACTION (PSFME) PROCEDURE IN?UENCE OF THE NUMBER OF CYCLES PROPOSED MECHANISM OF PSFME COMPARISON WITH OTHER EXTRACTION METHODS ADVANTAGES OF PSFME LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACCELERATED LIQUID EXTRACTION STATIC ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION (STATIC ASE) STEPS INVOLVED IN THE STATIC ASE PROCESS STATIC ASE COMMERCIAL AND LABORATORY-DESIGNED DEVICES DYNAMIC ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION (DYNAMIC ASE) STEPS INVOLVED IN THE DYNAMIC ASE PROCESS DYNAMIC ASE LABORATORY-DESIGNED DEVICES COUPLING ASE TO OTHER STEPS OF THE ANALYTICAL PROCESS PARAMETERS A?ECTING PERFORMANCE IN ASE PRESSURE TYPE OF SOLVENT SAMPLE COMPOSITION PARTICLE SIZE COMPARISON OF ASE WITH OTHER EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONS OF ASE FOR THE ISOLATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LIPIDS VOLATILE COMPOUNDS POLAR COMPOUNDS OPTIMISATION OF THE MAIN VARIABLES INVOLVED IN SHLE IN?UENCE OF EXTRACTION PH COMPARISON OF SHLE WITH MAE AND UAE FOR EXTRACTION OF VINE SHOOTS CONCLUSIONS: BENE?TS AND LIMITATIONS OF ASE FOR ISOLATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS SUPERCRITICAL SOLVENTS PARAMETERS A?ECTING THE EXTRACTION PROCESS RAW MATERIAL (PARTICLE SIZE, POROSITY, LOCATION OF THE SOLUTE, MOISTURE CONTENT) SOLUBILITY (PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE) USE OF MODI?ERS SOLVENT FLOW RATE (SOLVENT-TO-FEED RATIO) APPLICATIONS PLANTS MARINE PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD BY-PRODUCTS E?ECT OF EXTRACTION TIME E?ECT OF PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND MODI?ER E?ECT OF SOLVENT FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSIONS RECENT TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS TARGET EXTRACTS/COMPOUNDS RAW MATERIALS EXTRACTION METHODS HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID EXTRACTION EXTRACTION SOLVENTS AND SOLVENT MIXTURES EXTRACTION SOLVENT MODI?CATION WITH ADDITIVES (ENZYMES, H1/OH–, SURFACTANTS) SOLVENT MIXTURES AND NON-CONVENTIONAL HIGHLY HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC SOLVENTS IONIC LIQUIDS AQUEOUS BIPHASIC SYSTEMS (ABS) TUNABLE SOLVENTS CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES POST-EXTRACTION PROCESSES: IMPROVEMENT OF FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTRACTS PURI?CATION OF EXTRACTS AND ELIMINATION OF SOLVENTS EVAPORATION OF SOLVENTS FREEZE-DRYING REVERSE OSMOSIS PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION TOP-DOWN METHODS BOTTOM-UP METHODS FORMULATION SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD SPRAY-DRYING TECHNIQUE HIGH-PRESSURE EMULSION TECHNIQUES SUPERCRITICAL FLUID PROCESSES OVERVIEW CASE STUDY: FORMULATION OF B-CAROTENE AS A NATURAL COLORANT FORMULATION OF B-CAROTENE BY PRECIPITATION FROM PRESSURIZED ORGANIC SOLVENT-ON-WATER EMULSIONS FORMULATION OF B-CAROTENE WITH SOYBEAN LECITHIN BY PGSS-DRYING CO-PRECIPITATION OF B-CAROTENE WITH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL BY SUPERCRITICAL ANTI-SOLVENT PROCESS (SAS) FORMULATION OF B-CAROTENE BY SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION FROM AN EMULSION (SEE) ISOLATION AND PURI?CATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS PRE-ISOLATION OR ENRICHMENT SOLVENT PARTITIONING ADSORPTION ENRICHMENT MEMBRANE SEPARATION SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE) PURI?CATION CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES CRYSTALLIZATION CASE STUDIES ISOLATION OF SAPONINS FROM CLEMATIS CHINENSIS ISOLATION OF TRITONIOPSINS A–D FROM CLADIELLA KREMP? ISOLATION OF CIS-CLERODANE-TYPE FURANODITERPENOIDS FROM TINOSPORA CRISPA ISOLATION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM PAEONIA SU?RUTICOSA ISOLATION OF ALKALOIDS FROM STEPHANIA KWANGSIENSIS ISOLATION OF PSORALEN AND ISOPSORALEN FROM PSORALEA CORYLITOLIA ISOLATION OF SIX ISO?AVONES FROM SEMEN SOJAE PRAEPARATUM BY PREP-HPLC ISOLATION OF ANTHOCYANINS FROM EGGPLANT ISOLATION AND PURI?CATION OF FLAVONOID AND ISO?AVONOID FROM SOPHORA JAPONICA CHAPTER 10 SCALE-UP OF EXTRACTION PROCESSES FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF SCALE-UP OPERATIONS WHAT IS SCALE-UP? SCALE-UP CRITERIA FACTORS INVOLVED SOLUBILITY SOLVENT FLOW RATE SUBSTRATE PROPERTIES EXTRACTION BED GEOMETRY STATE OF THE ART MODELS FOR EXTRACTION PROCESSES SOME EXAMPLES OF SCALE-UP CRITERIA IN EXTRACTION PROCESSES SCALE-UP CORRELATIONS CON?GURATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS SOME PUBLISHED WORKS ON SCALE-UP OF EXTRACTION PROCESSES CASE STUDY: SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION FROM RED PEPPER EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CHAPTER 11 INTEGRATION OF PRESSURIZED FLUID-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR NATURAL PRODUCT PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION USING DI?ERENT PROCESS CONDITIONS OR TECHNIQUES ON-LINE FRACTIONATION/PURI?CATION ON-LINE SEPARATORS: FRACTIONATION BY CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON-LINE EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTIVE PURI?CATION PROCESSES ON-LINE COUPLING OF EXTRACTION AND MEMBRANE PROCESSES FOR PURI?CATION INTEGRATION OF PRESSURIZED FLUIDS TO DI?ERENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTRACT STABILIZATION CASE STUDY – INTEGRATED EXTRACTION AND ENCAPSULATION OF BIXIN FROM ANNATO SEEDS MATERIALS AND METHODS CHAPTER 12 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF NATURAL PRODUCT EXTRACTION PROCESSES COST ESTIMATION OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RAW MATERIAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS COST ESTIMATION PROCEDURES COST ESTIMATE AS A FUNCTION OF EQUIPMENT CAPACITY LANG FACTOR MANUFACTURING COST ESTIMATION MANUFACTURING COST OF VEGETABLE EXTRACTS SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION PROCESS OTHER EXTRACTION PROCESSES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT