THE NEW TEXT-BOOK OF CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS CHAPTER SOLAR RADIATION INTRODUCTION THE SUN THE EARTH EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON EARTH’S SURFACE PYRHELIOMETER PYRANOMETER SUNSHINE RECORDER SUN–EARTH ANGLES ZENITH ANGLE (YZ) SOLAR ALTITUDE (A) SOLAR AZIMUTH ANGLE (GSUN) WALL AZIMUTH ANGLE (GWALL) SOLAR DECLINATION (D) LATITUDE (F) AND LONGITUDE (LT) HOUR ANGLE (O) SOLAR TIME ANGLE OF INCIDENCE SOLAR RADIATION ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE SOLAR RADIATION ON AN INCLINED SURFACE PROBLEMS REFERENCES CHAPTER HISTORY OF PV-INTEGRATED SYSTEMS HISTORY OF PV/T AIR HEATING PV INTEGRATED WITH AIR COLLECTOR VENTILATED BIPV SYSTEM HISTORY OF PV/T WATER HEATING TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF PV MODULE PV MODULE E?CIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF THE OPERATING TEMPERATURE PV POWER OUTPUT DEPENDENCE ON MODULE OPERATING TEMPERATURE ARTI?CIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR PV SYSTEMS ARTI?CIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FUZZY LOGIC GENETIC ALGORITHM WAVELET HYBRID SYSTEMS MARKET POTENTIAL OF PV/T SYSTEMS SOLAR CELL MATERIALS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS FIRST GENERATION SECOND GENERATION THIRD GENERATION DOPING FERMI LEVEL P-N JUNCTION FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS P-N JUNCTION CHARACTERISTICS PHOTOVOLTAIC E?ECT PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIAL SILICON CADMIUM TELLURIDE (CDTE) COPPER-INDIUM SELENIDE (CUINSE2) GALLIUM ARSENIDE (GAAS) MULTIJUNCTION SINGLE CRYSTAL SOLAR CELL LIGHT-ABSORBING DYES ORGANIC/POLYMER SOLAR CELLS NANOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS LOW-COST SOLAR CELLS BASIC PARAMETERS OF SOLAR CELLS OVERALL CURRENT (I) SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC) OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (VOC) I–V CHARACTERISTICS FILL FACTOR (FF) MAXIMUM POWER (PMAX) SOLAR CELL E?CIENCY (ZEC) LIMITS TO CELL E?CIENCY DETERMINATION OF RS DETERMINATION OF RP THIN-?LM SOLAR CELL AMORPHOUS SI SOLAR CELLS (A-SIH) TANDEM SOLAR CELLS CONCENTRATING SOLAR CELLS E?ECT OF CELL TEMPERATURE ON CELL E?CIENCY CURRENT RESEARCH ON MATERIALS AND DEVICES SILICON PROCESSING THIN-?LM PROCESSING POLYMER PROCESSING NANOPARTICLE PROCESSING TRANSPARENT CONDUCTORS SILICON WAFER-BASED SOLAR CELLS PV ARRAY ANALYSIS PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE AND ARRAY THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION SINGLE CRYSTAL SOLAR CELLS MODULE PACKING FACTOR (BC) OF A PV MODULE E?CIENCY OF A PV/T MODULE APPLICATIONS PV PERFORMANCE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS ON SPACECRAFT SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATIONS BALANCE OF PV ARRAY PARTIAL SHADING OF SOLAR CELL AND MODULE MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER (MPPT) INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF PV POWER GENERATION ROLE OF BATTERIES AND THEIR USES FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ACTION PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION VOLTAGE SPECI?C GRAVITY SPECI?C GRAVITY CORRECTIONS CAPACITY DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS SELECTION OF PV BATTERY BATTERIES COMMONLY USED FOR PV APPLICATIONS BATTERY INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE BATTERY PROTECTION AND REGULATING CIRCUITS BATTERY SIMULATION AND SIZING BATTERY LIFETIME IN A PV SYSTEM CHARGING STATE OF PV-POWERED STORAGE BATTERIES GENERAL TERMS E?CIENCY LOCAL ACTION GASSING MOSSING SEDIMENT TEMPERATURE INTERNAL RESISTANCE TESTING DRY-CHARGED BATTERIES MAINTENANCE LEAD-CALCIUM CELL CASE STUDIES OF PV/T SYSTEMS CASE STUDY I: GRID-CONNECTED BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM (BIPV): HONG KONG CASE STUDY II: SIMULATION OF AN EXISTING BIPV SYSTEM FOR INDIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS CASE STUDY III: PV-INTEGRATED WATER-PUMPING APPLICATION IN NEBRASKA ENERGY AND EMISSION SAVINGS SOLAR WATER-PUMPING SYSTEMS IN PUNJAB, INDIA CASE STUDY IV: GRID-INTERACTIVE PHOTOVOLTAIC PARK ON THE ISLAND OF CRETE CASE STUDY V: PERFORMANCE STUDY OF SOLAR DRYING SYSTEMS IN NEPAL THERMAL MODELLING OF HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC/THERMAL (PV/T) SYSTEMS PV/T AIR COLLECTORS HYBRID AIR COLLECTOR DOUBLE-PASS PV/T SOLAR AIR COLLECTOR THERMAL MODELLING OF PV/T AIR COLLECTOR COVERED BY GLASS-TO-TEDLAR TYPE PV MODULE THERMAL MODELLING OF PV/T AIR COLLECTOR COVERED BY GLASS-TO-GLASS TYPE PV MODULE TESTING OF THE SOLAR AIR COLLECTOR PV/T SOLAR WATER HEATER INTEGRATION OF A PV MODULE ON A COLLECTOR OVERALL THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL E?CIENCY HYBRID PV/T WATER-HEATING SYSTEM COLLECTORS CONNECTED IN SERIES COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF LIQUID AND AIR COLLECTORS PV/T SOLAR DISTILLATION SYSTEM ACTIVE PV/T DISTILLATION SYSTEM PV/T SOLAR DRYERS SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER SOLAR GREENHOUSE DRYER CONVENTIONAL SOLAR GRAIN DRYER CONVENTIONAL PV/T MIXED MODE DRYER STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS ENERGY ANALYSIS ENERGY MATRICES ENERGY PAY BACK TIME (EPBT) ENERGY PRODUCTION FACTOR (EPF) LIFE CYCLE CONVERSION E?CIENCY (LCCE) EMBODIED ENERGY EMBODIED ENERGY ANALYSIS EMBODIED ENERGY DENSITY EMBODIED ENERGY OF PV MODULE (GLASS-TO-GLASS) BALANCE OF SYSTEM (BOS) ANALYSIS OF EMBODIED ENERGY AND EPBT OF PV/T SOLAR SYSTEMS HYBRID PV/T ACTIVE DISTILLATION SYSTEM PV/T AIR COLLECTOR HYBRID PV/T SOLAR WATER HEATER HYBRID PV-INTEGRATED GREENHOUSE DRYER HYBRID CONVENTIONAL PV/T SOLAR DRYER ENERGY PAY-BACK PERIODS OF ROOF-MOUNTED PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS EXERGY ANALYSIS IMPORTANCE OF EXERGY EXERGY OF A PROCESS SOLAR RADIATION ENERGY EXERGY OF STRATI?ED THERMAL ENERGY STORAGES EXERGY E?CIENCY EXERGETIC ANALYSIS OF FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR THE E?ECTS OF COLLECTOR DESIGN PARAMETERS ON THE COLLECTOR EXERGY E?CIENCY EXERGETIC ANALYSIS OF PV/T SYSTEMS ACTIVE DISTILLATION SYSTEM PV/T WATER HEATER CO2 MITIGATION AND CARBON TRADING CO2 EMISSIONS THE KYOTO PROTOCOL KYOTO’S FLEXIBLE MECHANISMS EMISSION ALLOWANCES ADDITIONALITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE EMISSION TRADING CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) CDM PROJECTS CDM AS AN INSTRUMENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CARBON CREDIT ANALYSIS SOLAR ENERGY PARK (SEP) SOLAR PV/T SYSTEMS CARBON CREDITS EARNED BY STAND ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC (SAPV) SYSTEM CARBON CREDIT ON NATIONAL LEVEL BY SAPV SYSTEM E?ECT OF SOLAR INTENSITY AND NUMBER OF CLEAR DAYS ENERGY PRICING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS COST ANALYSIS CAPITAL RECOVERY FACTOR UNACOST SINKING FUND FACTOR CASH FLOW COST COMPARISONS WITH EQUAL DURATION COST COMPARISONS WITH UNEQUAL DURATION SINGLE PRESENT VALUE METHOD COST COMPARISON BY ANNUAL COST METHOD COST COMPARISON BY CAPITALIZED COST ANALYTICAL EXPRESSION FOR PAYOUT TIME NET PRESENT VALUE BENE?T-COST ANALYSIS INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN E?ECT OF DEPRECIATION COST COMPARISONS OF SOLAR DRYERS WITH DURATION