COAL AND COKE
CONTENTS CHAPTER THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND OVERVIEW PETROCHEMICALS PRIMARY PETROCHEMICALS PRODUCTS AND END USE PRODUCTION OF PETROCHEMICALS THE FUTURE REFERENCES CHAPTER FEEDSTOCK COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS GAS CONDENSATE GAS HYDRATES OTHER TYPES OF GASES BIOGAS COALBED METHANE COAL GAS GEOPRESSURIZED GAS LANDFILL GAS REFINERY GAS SYNTHESIS GAS TIGHT GAS PETROLEUM OPPORTUNITY CRUDE OIL HIGH ACID CRUDE OIL FOAMY OIL TIGHT OIL OTHER PETROLEUM-DERIVED FEEDSTOCKS NAPHTHA KEROSENE FUEL OIL GAS OIL RESIDUA USED LUBRICATING OIL HEAVY OIL, EXTRA HEAVY OIL, AND TAR SAND BITUMEN HEAVY OIL EXTRA HEAVY OIL TAR SAND BITUMEN OTHER FEEDSTOCKS—COAL, OIL SHALE, AND BIOMASS COAL COAL FEEDSTOCKS PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION CONVERSION COAL TAR CHEMICALS OIL SHALE SHALE OIL PRODUCTION SHALE OIL PROPERTIES HYDROCARBON PRODUCTS NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS OXYGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS BIOMASS BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS CARBOHYDRATES VEGETABLE OILS PLANT FIBERS BIOREFINING PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FERMENTATION CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS GASEOUS PRODUCTS LIQUID PRODUCTS SOLID PRODUCTS WASTE FEEDSTOCK PREPARATION GAS STREAMS SOURCES GAS STREAMS FROM NATURAL GAS NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS AND LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS GAS STREAMS FROM CRUDE OIL GAS PROCESSING ACID GAS REMOVAL RECOVERY OF CONDENSABLE HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES WATER REMOVAL NITROGEN REMOVAL THE CLAUS PROCESS PETROLEUM STREAMS REFINERY CONFIGURATION CRACKING PROCESSES THERMAL CRACKING PROCESSES CATALYTIC CRACKING PROCESSES DEHYDROGENATION PROCESSES DEHYDROCYCLIZATION PROCESSES STREAMS FROM COAL, OIL SHALE, AND BIOMASS COAL LIQUIDS OIL SHALE GAS SHALE OIL BIO-LIQUIDS FEEDSTOCK PREPARATION BY GASIFICATION GASIFICATION CHEMISTRY GENERAL ASPECTS PRETREATMENT REACTIONS PRIMARY GASIFICATION SECONDARY GASIFICATION WATER-GAS SHIFT REACTION CARBON DIOXIDE GASIFICATION HYDROGASIFICATION METHANATION GASIFICATION PROCESSES GASIFIERS FT SYNTHESIS FEEDSTOCKS HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS SOLVENT DEASPHALTER BOTTOMS ASPHALT, TAR, AND PITCH PETROLEUM COKE SOLID WASTE BLACK LIQUOR GASIFICATION IN A REFINERY GASIFICATION OF HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS GASIFICATION OF HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS WITH COAL GASIFICATION OF HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS WITH BIOMASS GASIFICATION OF HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS WITH WASTE GAS PRODUCTION AND OTHER PRODUCTS LOW BTU GAS MEDIUM BTU GAS HIGH BTU GAS CHEMICALS FROM PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS METHANE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICALS FROM METHANE CARBON DISULFIDE ETHYLENE HYDROGEN CYANIDE CHLOROMETHANE DERIVATIVES UREA METHYL ALCOHOL FORMALDEHYDE ALDEHYDE DERIVATIVES 6 2 3 10 ETHYLENE GLYCOL 6 2 3 11 NITRATION 6 2 3 12 OXIDATION 6 2 3 13 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 6 2 3 14 ALKYLATION 6 2 3 15 THERMOLYSIS OXIDATIVE COUPLING ETHANE CHEMICALS FROM ETHANE PROPANE CHEMICALS FROM PROPANE OXIDATION CHLORINATION DEHYDROGENATION NITRATION BUTANE ISOMERS CHEMICALS FROM BUTANE PRODUCTION OF AROMATICS ISOMERIZATION CHEMICALS FROM ISOBUTANE LIQUID PETROLEUM FRACTIONS AND RESIDUES CHEMICALS FROM NAPHTHA CHEMICALS FROM KEROSENE CHEMICALS FROM GAS OIL CHEMICALS FROM FUEL OIL RESIDS NAPHTHENIC ACIDS CHEMICALS FROM LIQUID PETROLEUM FRACTIONS AND RESIDUES SULFONATION OTHER PRODUCTS CHEMICALS FROM OLEFIN HYDROCARBONS CHEMICALS FROM ETHYLENE ALCOHOLS ALKYLATION HALOGEN DERIVATIVES OXYGEN DERIVATIVES ETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHOXYLATES ETHANOLAMINES 1,3-PROPANEDIOL ACETALDEHYDE CARBONYLATION VINYL CHLORIDE PERCHLOROETHYLENE AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE HYDRATION OLIGOMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION 7 2 10 1-BUTYLENE 7 2 11 POLYMERIZATION CHEMICALS FROM PROPYLENE AMMOXIDATION OXYACYLATION ADDITION OF ORGANIC ACIDS HYDROFORMYLATION DISPROPORTIONATION CHEMICALS FROM C4 OLEFINS BUTYLENE METATHESIS ISOBUTYLENE EPOXIDATION ADDITION OF ALCOHOLS DIMERIZATION CHEMICALS FROM DIOLEFINS CHEMICALS FROM BUTADIENE ADIPONITRILE HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE ADIPIC ACID BUTANEDIOL CHLOROPRENE CYCLIC OLIGOMERS ISOPRENE CHEMICALS FROM ACETYLENE CHEMICALS FROM AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CHEMICALS FROM BENZENE HYDROGENATION CHEMICALS FROM TOLUENE DEALKYLATION CHEMICALS FROM XYLENE ISOMERS CHEMICALS FROM ETHYLBENZENE CHEMICALS FROM NON-HYDROCARBONS AMMONIA PRODUCTION PROPERTIES AND USES CARBON BLACK CARBON DIOXIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE HYDRAZINE HYDROGEN NITRIC ACID SULFUR SULFURIC ACID 9 10 SYNTHESIS GAS 9 10 1 PRODUCTION 9 10 2 PROPERTIES AND USES CHAPTER 10 CHEMICALS FROM THE FISCHER–TROPSCH PROCESS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISCHER–TROPSCH PROCESS 10 3 SYNTHESIS GAS 10 4 PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS 10 4 1 FEEDSTOCKS 10 4 2 PROCESSES 10 4 2 1 STEAM REFORMING 10 4 2 2 AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING 10 4 2 3 COMBINED REFORMING 10 4 2 4 PARTIAL OXIDATION 10 4 3 PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION 10 5 PROCESS PARAMETERS 10 6 REACTORS AND CATALYSTS 10 6 1 REACTORS 10 6 2 CATALYSTS 10 7 PRODUCTS AND PRODUCT QUALITY 10 7 1 PRODUCTS 10 7 2 PRODUCT QUALITY 10 8 FISCHER–TROPSCH CHEMISTRY 10 8 1 CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 10 8 2 REFINING FISCHER–TROPSCH PRODUCTS CHAPTER 11 MONOMERS, POLYMERS, AND PLASTICS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 PROCESSES AND PROCESS CHEMISTRY 11 2 1 ADDITION POLYMERIZATION 11 2 2 FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION 11 2 3 CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION 11 2 4 ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION 11 2 5 COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION 11 2 6 CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION 11 2 7 RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION 11 3 POLYMER TYPES 11 3 1 POLYETHYLENE 11 3 1 1 LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE 11 3 1 2 HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE 11 3 1 3 LINEAR LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE 11 3 1 4 PROPERTIES AND USES 11 3 2 POLYPROPYLENE 11 3 3 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE 11 3 4 POLYSTYRENE 11 3 5 NYLON RESINS 11 3 6 POLYESTERS 11 3 7 POLYCARBONATES 11 3 8 POLYETHER SULFONES 11 3 9 POLY(PHENYLENE) OXIDE 11 3 10 POLYACETAL 11 3 11 BUTADIENE POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS 11 4 PLASTICS AND THERMOPLASTICS 11 4 1 CLASSIFICATION 11 4 2 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 11 4 3 PROPERTIES 11 4 3 1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 11 4 3 2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 11 4 3 3 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 11 4 3 4 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 11 5 THERMOSETTING PLASTICS 11 5 1 POLYURETHANES 11 5 2 EPOXY RESINS 11 5 3 UNSATURATED POLYESTERS 11 5 4 PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS 11 5 5 AMINO RESINS POLYCYANURATES 11 6 SYNTHETIC FIBERS POLYESTER FIBERS POLYAMIDES 11 6 2 1 NYLON 66 11 6 2 2 NYLON 6 11 6 2 3 NYLON 12 11 6 2 4 NYLON 4 11 6 2 5 NYLON 11 11 6 2 6 OTHER NYLON POLYMERS ACRYLIC AND MODACRYLIC FIBERS GRAPHITE FIBERS POLYPROPYLENE FIBERS 11 7 SYNTHETIC RUBBER STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER NITRILE RUBBER POLYISOPRENE POLYCHLOROPRENE BUTYL RUBBER ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER CHAPTER 12 PHARMACEUTICALS 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 MEDICINAL OILS FROM PETROLEUM MINERAL OIL/WHITE OIL PETROLEUM JELLY PARAFFIN WAX BITUMEN SOLVENTS 12 3 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 12 4 PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS ACETAMINOPHEN ALEVE ASPIRIN CEPACOL EXCEDRIN GAVISCON IBUPROFEN KAOPECTATE L-MENTHOL 12 4 10 ORAJEL 12 4 11 TYLENOL 12 4 12 ZANTAC CONVERSION TABLES