THE ELECTRONIC THEORY OF ACIDS AND BASES

By SARAH MARTIN

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM GENESIS OF THE THEORY OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM WHY ARE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA SO IMPORTANT FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS? CAN THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION IN APPROACHING EQUILIBRIUM BE USED FOR ANALYSIS? THE THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM THE EFFECT OF ENTROPY ON EQUILIBRIUM THE KINETICS OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM REVERSIBILITY AND IRREVERSIBILITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS (EQUILIBRIA) CATALYSIS—THE “MAGIC” WAY TO ENHANCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM GUIDELINES FOR CALCULATIONS OF EQUILIBRIA REFERENCES ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA GLIMPSES OF THE HISTORY OF ACID–BASE THEORIES QUANTI?CATION OF ACID AND BASE STRENGTH ACCORDING TO THE BRØNSTED–LOWRY THEORY ACIDITY AND BASICITY CONSTANTS THE PH THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES PRINCIPLES DE?NING THE STRENGTH OF INORGANIC ACIDS PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE STRENGTH OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS THE MATHEMATICAL AND GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA MONOBASIC AND POLYBASIC ACIDS PH-LOGCI DIAGRAMS PH CALCULATIONS USING APPROXIMATION EQUATIONS CALCULATING THE PH OF SALT SOLUTIONS THE DEGREE OF PROTOLYSIS AND OSTWALD’S LAW OF DILUTION ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA OF AMINO ACIDS ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA AT THE SURFACE OF SOLIDS BUFFER SOLUTIONS COMPLEX FORMATION EQUILIBRIA MONODENTATE AND MULTIDENTATE LIGANDS SIDE REACTION COEF?CIENTS AND CONDITIONAL STABILITY CONSTANTS SIDE REACTIONS OF LIGANDS SIDE REACTIONS OF THE METAL IONS CONDITIONAL STABILITY CONSTANTS THE PH DEPENDENCE OF SIDE REACTION COEF?CIENTS AND CONDITIONAL CONSTANTS THE CHELATE EFFECT APPLICATIONS OF COMPLEX EQUILIBRIA SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA THE SATURATION CONCENTRATION THE PH DEPENDENCE OF SATURATION CONCENTRATION PH DEPENDENCE OF THE SATURATION CONCENTRATION OF METAL HYDROXIDES, OXIDE HYDROXIDES, AND OXIDES GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE SOLUBILITIES OF METAL HYDROXIDES AS A FUNCTION OF PH SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA OF METAL HYDROXIDES IN THE PRESENCE OF COMPLEXING AGENTS PH DEPENDENCE OF THE SOLUBILITY OF METAL SUL?DE COPRECIPITATION REDOX EQUILIBRIA QUANTITATIVE TREATMENT OF REDOX EQUILIBRIA CALCULATING THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS OF REDOX EQUILIBRIA FORMAL POTENTIALS FORMAL POTENTIALS THAT INCLUDE ACTIVITY COEF?CIENTS FORMAL POTENTIALS THAT INCLUDE ACTIVITY COEF?CIENTS AND SIDE REACTION COEF?CIENTS PH-DEPENDENT REDOX POTENTIALS REDOX EQUILIBRIA WITH COUPLED ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA THAT CAN BE EXPERIMENTALLY SEPARATED REDOX EQUILIBRIA WITH INHERENTLY COUPLED ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STANDARD POTENTIALS OF AN ELEMENT HAVING VARIOUS OXIDATION STATES: LUTHER’S RULE BIOCHEMICAL STANDARD POTENTIALS REDOX POTENTIALS IN NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF REDOX EQUILIBRIA KINETIC ASPECTS OF REDOX EQUILIBRIA TITRATIONS THE HISTORY OF TITRATIONS GENERAL THEORY OF TITRATIONS TITRATION METHODS DIRECT TITRATION INVERSE TITRATION BACK TITRATION SUBSTITUTION TITRATION INDIRECT TITRATION THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TITRATION CURVES ACID–BASE TITRATIONS COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS REDOX TITRATIONS INDICATION METHODS FOR TITRATIONS CLASSICAL METHODS TITRATION ERRORS IN CLASSICAL TITRATIONS INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF INDICATION FOR TITRATIONS