SYSTEMATIC MATERIALS ANALYSIS
1 Motivation 1 References 5 2 Plastic Deformation and Strain Localizations 7 21 Plastic Deformation 7 22 Dislocation Glide 11 23 Deformation Twinning 15 24 Critical Resolved Shear Stress 19 25 Strain Hardening 21 26 Strain Localizations 24 261 Strain Localizations on Microscopic Scale 27 262 Strain Localizations on Macroscopic Scale 33 References 41 3 Martensitic Phase Transformation 47 31 General Considerations 47 32 Thermodynamic Aspects of Martensitic Phase Transformation 50 33 Martensite in Ferrous Alloys 52 34 Martensitic Phase Transformation in Steels 54 341 Direct c to a? Transformation 55 342 Direct c to ? Transformation 60 343 Direct ? to a? Transformation 61 344 Indirect c–a? Transformation via ?-Martensite 62 35 Influence of Stacking-Fault Energy 63 36 Olson–Cohen Model of Martensitic Phase Transformation 66 References 68 4 Advanced High-Strength Steels 71 41 General Considerations 71 42 Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels 73 421 Thermodynamic Aspects of TWIP Steels 73 422 Deformation Behaviour of TWIP Steels 74 423 Modelling of the TWIP Effect 80 43 Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Steels 83 431 Thermodynamic Aspects of TRIP Steels 84 432 Deformation Behaviour of TRIP Steels 89 433 Modelling of the TRIP Effect 94 References 96 5 In Situ Techniques for Characterization of Strain Localizations and Time Sequence of Deformation Processes 99 51 General Considerations 99 52 In Situ Imaging Techniques 102 521 Optical Microscopy 102 522 Scanning Electron Microscopy 108 53 In Situ Acoustic Emission Measurements 115 531 General Aspects of Acoustic Emission 116 532 Acoustic Emission—A Multiscale Random Time-Series Process 119 533 Sources of Acoustic Emission 130 534 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition 135 535 Processing of AE Data 140 536 State of the Art in Materials Engineering 151 54 In Situ Full-Field Measurement Techniques 156 541 Displacement and Strain Fields 157 542 Temperature Fields 179 543 Fully-Coupled Measurements 191 References 195 6 Object of Investigations—High-Alloy Fe–16Cr–6Mn–xNi–005C Cast Steels with TRIP/TWIP Effect 205 61 General Considerations on High-Alloy Fe–16Cr–6Mn–xNi– 005C TRIP/TWIP Steels 205 62 Applied Methods for Characterization of the Deformation Behaviour and the Related Microstructures 209 621 Deformation Experiments 209 622 Microstructural Characterization Techniques 210 63 Mechanical Behaviour 213 631 Uniaxial Quasi-static Loading 213 632 Uniaxial Cyclic Loading 217 633 Planar-Biaxial Loading 219 64 Microstructure Evolution 221 641 Fe–16Cr–6Mn–6Ni–005C Steel 221 642 Fe–16Cr–6Mn–9Ni–005C Steel 238 643 Fe–16Cr–6Mn–3Ni–005C Steel 241 References 243 7 Case Studies on Localized Deformation Processes in High-Alloy Fe–16Cr–6Mn–xNi–005C Cast Steels 245 71 Significance of Complementary In Situ Characterization Techniques 245 72 Microscopic Strain Localizations During Plastic Deformation 249 721 In Situ Deformation in the Scanning Electron Microscope 249 722 High-Resolution DIC (Sub-lDIC) for Evaluation of Local Strain Fields 251 723 Strain Localization During Tensile Deformation 254 724 Orientation-Dependent Magnitude of Shear of Individual Martensitic Grains 273 725 Magnitude of Shear of Twin Bundles 277 726 Strain Localization During Cyclic Deformation 281 727 Discussion 307 73 Time Sequence of Deformation Processes 313 731 Acoustic Emission Measurements and Analysis 313 732 Acoustic Emission During the Deformation Process 315 733 Influence of Chemical Composition 323 734 Evolution of Martensitic Phase Transformation at Room Temperature 330 735 Influence of Deformation Temperature 331 736 Discussion 338 74 Macroscopic Strain Localization During Plastic Deformation 340 741 Fully-Coupled Full-Field Measurements 341 742 The Occurrence of Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) Effect 342 743 Temperature and Strain Fields 346 744 Portevin–Le Chatelier Effect and Acoustic Emission 353 745 Correlation of PLC Effect with Martensitic Volume Fraction 354 746 Discussion 360 References 363 8 Prospects of Complementary In Situ Techniques 365 81 General Remarks 365 82 Complementary In Situ Techniques and Microstructural-Based Modelling 368 83 Example 1: Modelling of Strain-Hardening Behaviour of CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP Steels 371 831 Orientation Dependence of Deformation Mechanisms Detected by AE 374 832 Strain Localizations Across the Length Scale of Microstructure 375 84 Example 2: Damage Behaviour of TRIP Matrix Composites 379 85 Example 3: Deformation and Damage Behaviour of Laminated TRIP/TWIP Composites 381 86 Example 4: Shape Memory Materials 382 References 383 9 Concluding Remarks 385