THE CHEMISTRY AND PROCESSING OF WOOD AND PLANT FIBROUS MATERIALS

By SARAH JOHNSON

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO BIOREFINING GENERAL APPROACH VERSATILE CONVERSION METHODS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS MATERIALS REFERENCES CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS MATERIALS CONTENT OF THE MAIN CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FIBER DIMENSIONS AND ULTRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURAL CONSTITUENTS CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSES LIGNIN LIGNIN-HEMICELLULOSE BONDS NONSTRUCTURAL CONSTITUENTS MAJOR GROUPS OF EXTRACTIVES CHEMICAL FEATURES OF EXTRACTIVES RECOVERY OF EXTRACTIVES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTION METHODS EXTRACTIVES-DERIVED PRODUCTS FROM STEMWOOD CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION ACID-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS USE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN HYDROLYZATES CHEMICAL PULPING-BASED METHODS GENERAL ASPECTS KRAFT PULPING PROCESS DESCRIPTION REACTIONS OF THE WOOD CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS SULFITE PULPING SPENT LIQUOR OTHER DELIGNIFICATION METHODS SODA PULPING ORGANOSOLV PULPING OXYGEN-ALKALI DELIGNIFICATION AND DELIGNIFYING BLEACHING OXYGEN-ALKALI DELIGNIFICATION DELIGNIFYING BLEACHING INTEGRATED FOREST BIOREFINING INTRODUCTION PRETREATMENTS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS PRIOR TO PULPING ACIDIC PRETREATMENTS ALKALINE PRETREATMENTS BLACK LIQUOR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FRACTIONATION CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES APPROACH TO THE CONCEPT OF MAKING CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES GENERAL BACKGROUND REACTIVITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF CELLULOSE CONVENTIONAL SOLVENTS FOR CELLULOSE IONIC LIQUIDS AND DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS FOR CELLULOSE CELLULOSE REACTIONS WITH ORGANIC ACIDS AND CARBON DISULFIDE (CS2) CELLULOSE ESTERS OF INORGANIC ACIDS CELLULOSE ETHERS SPECIFIC CELLULOSE PRODUCTS CROSS-LINKING AND GRAFT POLYMERIZATION ION EXCHANGERS AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS MICRO-SIZED AND NANO-SIZED CELLULOSES THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PYROLYSIS REACTIONS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS COMPONENTS PRODUCTION INSTRUMENTS AND REACTORS PRODUCT COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES GASIFICATION FEEDSTOCK MATERIALS GASIFICATION PROCESS PRINCIPAL REACTION MECHANISMS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS FROM SYNGAS GASIFICATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION AND LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTION OF BIOENERGY