EMINENT CHEMISTS OF OUR TIME
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SWEDEN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SCIENCE: LINNAEUS AND KLINGENSTIERNA THE PHLOGISTON THEORY REFERENCES BERGMAN AND SCHEELE: CHILDHOODS GRAMMAR SCHOOL IN SKARA SCHEELE’S CHILDHOOD SCHEELE’S BROTHERS AND SISTERS THE TWO MEN WILHELM TORBERN PORTRAITS OF BERGMAN PORTRAITS OF SCHEELE BERGMAN’S AND SCHEELE’S EDUCATION BERGMAN’S EDUCATION IN UPPSALA SCHEELE’S EDUCATION IN GOTHENBURG BERGMAN’S EARLY SCIENTI?C CAREER ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH BERGMAN’S RESEARCH ON ELECTRICITY BERGMAN’S RESEARCH IN ENTOMOLOGY BERGMAN, SCHEELE AND THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE ACADEMY SECRETARY BERGMAN BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BERGMAN’S GEOLOGICAL WORK THE COSMOGRAPHIC SOCIETY PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EARTH GEYSERS AND VOLCANOES ON ICELAND SCHEELE IN MALMÖ ANDERS JAHAN RETZIUS SCHEELE’S FIRST DISCOVERIES BERGMAN BECOMES A CHEMIST WALLERIUS—THE FIRST CHEMISTRY PROFESSOR IN SWEDEN BERGMAN’S FIRST CHEMICAL STUDY BERGMAN IS APPOINTED PROFESSOR BERGMAN’S LABORATORY BERGMAN’S EARLY CHEMICAL WORK BERGMAN’S RELATIONS WITH WALLERIUS AND VON ENGESTRÖM BERGMAN’S EUROPEAN CONTACTS SCHEELE MOVES TO STOCKHOLM SCHEELE’S RESEARCH IN STOCKHOLM BERGMAN AS A TEACHER BERGMAN’S EDITION OF THE CHEMICAL LECTURES OF H T SCHEFFER INSTRUCTIONS TO THE LECTURES ON THE NATURE AND BENE?T OF CHEMISTRY BERGMAN’S LECTURES BERGMAN’S STUDENTS MATTHIAS RYDELL GUSTAF SWEDELIUS CARL ANDERS PLOMGREN PEHR DUBB CARL HENRIK WERTMÜLLER JOHAN ADOLF LEVEL PETER JACOB HJELM JOHAN AFZELIUS CARL NORELL ANDREAS PIHL ANDERS SCHEDIN JOHAN PETER SCHARENBERG BENGT REINHOLD GEIJER JACOB PAULIN KÖNIG ALEXANDER GRÖNLUND PER CASTORIN ANDREAS NICLAS TUNBORG JOHAN GADOLIN PEHR VON AFZELIUS CARL DIDRIK HIERTA CARL GUSTAF ROBSAHM FREDRIK WILHELM MANNERCRANTZ BERGMAN’S LIFE AS PROFESSOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRIZE QUESTIONS BERGMAN’S STUDY OF BEES BERGMAN’S MARRIAGE SCHEELE IN UPPSALA SCHEELE BEFRIENDS JOHAN GOTTLIEB GAHN THE COLLABORATION OF SCHEELE AND GAHN SCHEELE MEETS BERGMAN SCHEELE’S FIRST PAPERS SCHEELE ELECTED A MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PRINCE HEINRICH’S VISIT NEW MINERAL ACIDS HYDRO?UORIC ACID ARSENIC ACID PRUSSIAN BLUE AND HYDROCYANIC ACID NEW METALS THE INVESTIGATION OF PYROLUSITE: THE DISCOVERY OF MANGANESE THE DISCOVERIES OF CHLORINE AND BARIUM THE ISOLATION OF METALLIC MANGANESE THE DISCOVERY OF MOLYBDENUM ISOLATION OF TUNGSTIC ACID AND THE DISCOVERY OF TUNGSTEN ESTABLISHING PLATINUM, COBALT, NICKEL AND MANGANESE AS UNIQUE METALS CERIUM—A MISSED OPPORTUNITY BERGMAN AND THE DISCOVERY OF TELLURIUM HYDROSIDERUM—THE METAL THAT DID NOT EXIST THE INVITATION TO BERLIN BERGMAN AND THE CHEMISTRY OF MINERAL WATERS MEDEVI—THE FIRST SWEDISH SPA BERGMAN’S INTEREST IN MINERAL WATERS BERGMAN’S EARLY WORK ON MINERAL WATER BERGMAN’S PAPER ON BITTER-, SELZER-, SPA- AND PYRMONT WATER HOT SPA WATER THE WATER OF MEDEVI AND LOKA MINERAL WATER ANALYSIS IN SWEDEN AFTER BERGMAN RESEARCH ON CARBON DIOXIDE SCHEELE AND THE ACIDIC PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE SCHEELE’S LATER VIEWS ON CARBON DIOXIDE BERGMAN AND THE AERIAL ACID SCHEELE IN KÖPING THE EKELIN INCIDENT SCHEELE’S LIFE IN KÖPING FOREIGN GUESTS SCHEELE’S STOCKHOLM VISIT BERGMAN’S LECTURE ON THE PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY BERGMAN’S WORK ON ELECTIVE ATTRACTIONS BERGMAN’S ESSAY ON ELECTIVE ATTRACTIONS BERGMAN’S REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH DIAGRAMS THE DISCOVERY OF OXYGEN SCHEELE’S DISCOVERY OF OXYGEN PRIESTLEY’S DISCOVERY OF OXYGEN SCHEELE’S BOOK ON AIR AND FIRE NEW EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS OF SCHEELE’S BOOK SCHEELE’S AND BERGMAN’S VIEWS ON OXYGEN, HEAT AND PHLOGISTON PRIESTLEY’S THEORIES OF OXYGEN AND COMBUSTION THE DISCOVERY OF NITROGEN LAVOISIER AND THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION BERGMAN’S AND SCHEELE’S THEORIES OF ELEMENTS AND ATOMS SCHEELE’S VIEWS ON ELEMENTS BERGMAN’S VIEWS ON ELEMENTS BERGMAN’S AND SCHEELE’S VIEWS ON ATOMS SCHEELE’S AND BERGMAN’S VIEWS ON THE EARTHS, METALS, ACIDS AND ALKALIS PHLOGISTON CONTENT OF METALS—DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS BERGMAN AS AN ANALYTICAL CHEMIST CHEMISTRY IN SOLUTION QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WATER ANALYSIS MINERAL ANALYSIS IN SOLUTION BERGMAN AND THE BLOW-PIPE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AFTER BERGMAN SCHEELE’S CONTRIBUTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OXALIC ACID URIC ACID THE INVESTIGATION OF MILK: LACTIC AND MUCIC ACID CITRIC ACID MALIC ACID GALLIC ACID THE DISCOVERY OF GLYCEROL ESTERI?CATION AND CATALYSIS BERGMAN’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES AND GEMS TIN SULPHIDE MINERALS MINERALOGIAL REMARKS MINERALOGICAL DISSERTATIONS OUTLINE OF MINERALOGY THOUGHTS ON A NATURAL SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY BERGMAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE MACQUER’S CRITICISM THE REFORM OF NOMENCLATURE IN BOTANY BERGMAN’S EARLY THOUGHTS ON NOMENCLATURE BERGMAN’S WORK ON NOMENCLATURE IN 1775 BERGMAN’S “INVESTIGATION OF TRUTH” THE NOMENCLATURE IN BERGMAN’S SCIAGRAPHIA THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF DE MORVEAU 1780–1782 BERGMAN’S REVISED NOMENCLATURE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOMENCLATURE AFTER THE DEATH OF BERGMAN SCHEELE’S AND BERGMAN’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY BENZOIC ACID MERCURIUS DULCIS EMETIC TARTAR AND PULVIS ALGEROTHI A NEW METHOD FOR PREPARING MAGNESIA ALBA OTHER WORKS BY SCHEELE RELATED TO MEDICINE THE END OF THE STORY BERGMAN’S ILLNESS AND DEATH BERGMAN’S FUNERAL BERGMAN’S MANUSCRIPTS AND COLLECTIONS BERGMAN’S SUCCESSOR SCHEELE’S ILLNESS AND DEATH SCHEELE’S FUNERAL SCHEELE’S MANUSCRIPTS HOW WE REMEMBER BERGMAN AND SCHEELE