SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY

By OLIVIA HERNANDEZ

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES I BACKGROUND OF SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY II PRINCIPLES OF SECM III APPLICATIONS OF SECM REFERENCES INSTRUMENTATION I INTRODUCTION II OVERVIEW OF THE SECM APPARATUS III COMMERCIAL SECM INSTRUMENT IMPLEMENTATION IV TIP POSITION MODULATION INSTRUMENTATION V CONSTANT-CURRENT MODE INSTRUMENTATION VI EXPERIMENTAL DIF?CULTIES IN DATA ACQUISITION VII ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT FOR SECM APPENDIX; SUPPLIERS THE PREPARATION OF TIPS FOR SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY II PREPARATION TECHNIQUES III NONDISK TIPS AND TIP SHAPE CHARACTERIZATION SECM IMAGING II PRINCIPLE AND METHODOLOGY OF SEM IMAGING III IMAGES IN SOLUTIONS IV IMAGES IN HUMID AIR V CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS THEORY II FEEDBACK MODE OF SECM OPERATION III GENERATION/COLLECTION (G/C) MODE OF SECM OPERATION IV SECM OF MORE COMPLICATED CHEMICAL SYSTEMS V NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SECM DIFFUSION PROBLEMS USING PDEASE2 PROGRAM PACKAGE LIST OF SYMBOLS HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS II PRINCIPLES III STUDIES OF HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON TRANSFER IV APPLICATIONS V CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK KINETICS OF HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS COUPLED TO HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON TRANSFER II ECI PROCESSES III EC2I PROCESSES IV ECE/DISP PROCESSES CHARGE-TRANSFER AT THE LIQUID/LIQUID INTERFACE II ELECTRON TRANSFER III ION TRANSFER AT THE ITIES IV PROCESSES WITH COUPLED HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS IMAGING MOLECULAR TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES II PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING POROUS MEMBRANES III APPLICATIONS IV FUTURE DIRECTIONS POTENTIOMETRIC PROBES II BASIC THEORY III PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR OF ION-SELECTIVE PROBES IV POTENTIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPIES OTHER THAN SECM V POTENTIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN SECM VI CONCLUSION BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS I APPROACHES TO IMAGING BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS II SELECTED APPLICATIONS III CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK IV ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS PROBING REACTIONS AT SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACES II MEASUREMENT OF ADSORPTION/DESORPTION KINETICS AND SURFACE DIFFUSION RATES III DISSOLUTION KINETICS OF IONIC SINGLE CRYSTALS IV CORROSION STUDIES V CONCLUSIONS MICRO- AND NANOPATTERNING USING THE SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPE I PATTERNING BY THE DIRECT MODE OF THE SECM II PATTERNING BY THE FEEDBACK MODE OF THE SECM III PERSPECTIVE APPROACHES CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS I COMBINING SECM WITH OTHER TECHNIQUES II NOVEL INTERFACES III INSTRUMENTATION IMPROVEMENTS