ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 FORENSIC SCIENCE INTRODUCTION FORENSIC SCIENCE – A DEFINITION AN HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FORENSIC SCIENCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM WHEN IS FORENSIC SCIENCE REQUIRED? HAS A CRIME BEEN COMMITTED? WHO IS RESPONSIBLE? IS THE SUSPECT RESPONSIBLE? DUTIES OF THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST QUALITY IN FORENSIC SCIENCE QUALITY AT THE SCENE–LABORATORY CHAIN LABORATORY QUALITY PROCEDURES ACCREDITATION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE FACILITIES PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN FORENSIC SCIENCE THE COUNCIL FOR THE REGISTRATION OF FORENSIC PRACTITIONERS (CRFP) STANDARDS OF COMPETANCE CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 2 THE CRIME SCENE THE ORGANISATION OF SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT WITHIN THE POLICE SERVICE OF ENGLAND AND WALES THE FINGERPRINT BUREAU (DEPARTMENT) THE SCENE OF CRIME DEPARTMENT THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES DEPARTMENT IN-FORCE LABORATORIES AND SCIENTIFIC SERVICES TRAINING & INFORMATION A BURGLARY: AN EXAMPLE OF A VOLUME CRIME SCENE CASE CIRCUMSTANCES WHAT HAPPENS AT THE SCENE COMMENT A MURDER: AN EXAMPLE OF A MAJOR CRIME SCENE THE CRIME SCENE SERIOUS CRIME PROCEDURE THE NEXT STAGES SCENE ATTENDANCE BY FORENSIC SCIENTISTS OR OTHER SPECIALISTS CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3 TRACE AND CONTACT EVIDENCE TARGETING POTENTIAL TRACES AMOUNT OF MATERIAL TRANSFERRED PERSISTENCE OF MATERIAL FINDING THE MATERIAL EVIDENTIAL VALUE OF TRACE MATERIAL RECOVERY OF TRACE MATERIALS SHAKING BRUSHING TAPING VACUUMING SWABBING HAND PICKING EXTRACTING LIQUIDS AND GASES CHARACTERISATION AND COMPARISON GLASS TEXTILE FIBRES PAINT HAIR OILS, GREASES AND WAXES SOIL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE EXTENT OF COMPARISON RARITY OF THE TRACE MATERIAL EXPECTATIONS COMBINATION OF EVIDENCE ALTERNATIVE, INNOCENT SOURCES CONTAMINATION SAFETY OF TRACE EVIDENCE CHAPTER 4 MARKS AND IMPRESSIONS FOOTWEAR IMPRESSIONS RECOVERY OF IMPRESSIONS FROM SCENE OF CRIME IMPRESSIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS METHODS FOR ENHANCING TWO- DIMENSIONAL FOOTWEAR IMPRESSIONS DUST IMPRESSIONS OTHER DEPOSITS IMPRESSIONS IN BLOOD OTHER IMPRESSIONS ON POROUS SURFACES THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMPRESSIONS INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM A SHOE THE PATTERN THE SIZE THE DEGREE OF WEAR THE DAMAGE DETAIL COMPARING AN IMPRESSION WITH A SHOE MAKING A TEST IMPRESSION COMPARING IMPRESSIONS INSTRUMENT MARKS CUTTING INSTRUMENTS LEVERING INSTRUMENTS BRUISING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE AN IMPRESSED FIT MASS-PRODUCED ITEMS PLASTIC BAGS AND FILM ERASED NUMBERS THE ERASURE CONNECTING PUNCHES TO MARKS FINGERPRINTS WHY ARE THEY UNIQUE? CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS ENHANCEMENT OF FINGERPRINTS FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS CHAPTER 5 BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS CLASSIFICATION OF BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS SINGLE DROPS IMPACT SPATTER CAST-OFF ARTERIAL DAMAGE STAINS LARGE VOLUME STAINS PHYSIOLOGICALLY ALTERED BLOODSTAINS CONTACT STAINS COMPOSITE STAIN PATTERNS THE EVALUATION OF BLOODSTAIN PATTERN EVIDENCE CHAPTER 6 THE FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS QUALIFICATIONS AND TRAINING EQUIPMENT EXAMINATIONS THE IDENTIFICATION OF HANDWRITING CONSTRUCTION OF CHARACTER FORMS NATURAL VARIATION COMPARISON MATERIAL OTHER FORMS OF VARIATION NON-ROMAN SCRIPT EXPRESSION OF HANDWRITING CONCLUSIONS COPIES THE EXAMINATION OF SIGNATURES TRACING FREEHAND SIMULATION AUTHORSHIP OF SIMULATION SELF FORGERY VULNERABLE SIGNATURES GUIDED HAND SIGNATURES EXPRESSION OF SIGNATURE CONCLUSIONS THE EXAMINATION OF PHOTOCOPIES PRINTING AND TYPEWRITING MODERN OFFICE TECHNOLOGY WORD PROCESSORS LASER PRINTERS INK-JET PRINTERS DOT MATRIX PRINTERS SINGLE ELEMENT TYPEWRITERS FIXED TYPE-BAR MACHINES SPACING RIBBONS, ROLLER AND CORRECTION FACILITIES THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF DOCUMENTS THE EXAMINATION OF INKS THE EXAMINATION OF PAPER DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING AND SIGNATURES OVER TIME IMPRESSIONS FOLDS, CREASES AND TEARS STAPLES AND PUNCH HOLES ERASURES, OBLITERATIONS AND ADDITIONS PRINTED DOCUMENTS PROCEDURES, PROTOCOLS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 COMPUTER BASED MEDIA GUIDANCE ON EXAMINATION OF COMPUTER-BASED EVIDENCE PRINCIPLES IMAGING STORAGE DEVICES ONES, ZEROES, BITS AND BYTES MAGNETIC MEDIA OPTICAL MEDIA MAGNETO OPTICAL MEDIA LOGICAL STRUCTURE PARTITIONS AND LOGICAL DRIVES DIRECTORY STRUCTURE FILE ALLOCATION TABLE AND MASTER FILE TABLE ALLOCATED AND UNALLOCATED SPACE FILE STRUCTURE DATES AND TIMES SECTORS AND CLUSTERS CONTENTS OF ALLOCATED SPACE LINK FILES SYSTEM SWAP FILE DIGITAL CAMERAS CONTENTS OF UNALLOCATED SPACE DELETED FILES WORD PROCESSED DOCUMENTS SUMMARY INTERNET ACTIVITY THE INTERNET INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) NUMBERS WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) EMAIL WEBMAIL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL AND PEER-TO-PEER APPLICATIONS NEWSGROUPS CHAT ROOMS AND APPLICATIONS CONTENTS CHAPTER 8 FIRE INVESTIGATION THE NATURE OF FIRE THE BURNING OF METHANE FLAMMABILITY LIMITS PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS FLASH POINTS SMOULDERING COMBUSTION FACTORS AFFECTING FLAME PROPAGATION ORIENTATION FLASHOVER IGNITION TEMPERATURE SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION THE INVESTIGATION SEQUENCE OF EVENTS WITNESS EVIDENCE BACKGROUND INFORMATION RECORDING OF INFORMATION EXTERNAL EXAMINATION POINT OF ENTRY SAFETY LOCATION OF POINT OF IGNITION TIME TEMPERATURE DEPENDANT TECHNIQUES GEOMETRICAL TECHNIQUES DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES HUMAN INDICATIONS DIAGNOSTIC INDICATIONS CONFIDENCE PERIMETER EXCAVATION SAMPLING SUSPECTED ACCIDENTAL IGNITION SOURCES INCENDIARY DEVICES LABORATORY EXAMINATION ANALYSIS OF DEBRIS EXAMINATION OF CLOTHING EXAMINATION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT EXAMINATION OF HEATING APPLIANCES QUALITY MANAGEMENT CONTENTS CHAPTER 9 EXPLOSIONS EXPLOSIVES TECHNOLOGY WHAT IS AN EXPLOSION? TYPES OF EXPLOSION TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES CHEMISTRY OF EXPLOSIVES INITIATION AND DETONATION OF EXPLOSIVES ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AN IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR FORENSIC EXPLOSIVES EXAMINATIONS RECEIPT STORAGE EXAMINATION DISPOSAL REFERENCE COLLECTIONS AND DATABASES FORENSIC QUESTIONS WAS IT AN EXPLOSION? WAS IT AN ACCIDENT, OR A BOMB? IS THIS AN EXPLOSIVE? PHOTOGRAPHY LINKS WITH OTHER FORENSIC DISCIPLINES A CASE STUDY THE SCENARIO THE PROSECUTION CASE THE PASSENGER’S DEFENCE THE LORRY DRIVER’S DEFENCE WHAT REALLY HAPPENED? CHAPTER 10 FIREARMS INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR BALLISTICS THE FIREARM CLASSES OF FIREARM LOADING MECHANISMS FORENSIC SIGNIFICANCE CARTRIDGES AND CALIBRE THE DISCHARGE SCENE EXAMINATION EXAMINATION OF THE SCENE EXAMINATION OF FIREARMS EXAMINATION OF SPENT BULLETS AND SPENT CARTRIDGE CASES COMPARATIVE MICROSCOPY COMPOSITION OF CARTRIDGES CARTRIDGE CASES PRIMER CUPS PRIMER COMPOSITIONS PROPELLANTS PROJECTILES 10 10 FIREARMS DISCHARGE RESIDUES (FDR) 10 10 1 FORMATION OF FDR 10 10 2 COLLECTION OF FDR 10 10 3 DETECTION OF FDR 10 11 CONCLUSION 10 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 11 DRUGS OF ABUSE DRUG CONTROL LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM DRUGS OF ABUSE AND THEIR SOURCES CANNABIS AND ITS PRODUCTS HEROIN COCAINE AMPHETAMINES PSILOCYBE MUSHROOMS MESCAL BUTTONS LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE BARBITURATES AND BENZODIAZEPINES IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE PRESUMPTIVE TEST THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES QUANTIFICATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE PROFILING OF DRUGS OF ABUSE PROFILING OF CANNABIS PRODUCTS PROFILING OF HEROIN PROFILING OF AMPHETAMINE PROFILING OF OTHER DRUGS QUALITY ASSURANCE IN DRUG ANALYSIS CHAPTER 12 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY? ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM POISONS DEFINITION FACTORS AFFECTING THE TOXIC DOSE OF A SUBSTANCE TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF POISONS ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION AND EXCRETION PATTERNS OF POISONING THE WORK OF THE FORENSIC TOXICOLOGIST THE ROLE OF THE FORENSIC TOXICOLOGIST IN MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATIONS THE FORENSIC TOXICOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION GENERAL ANALYTICAL APPROACH DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPECIMEN TOOLS OF THE TRADE – METHODS OF ANALYSIS CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS THE TOXICOLOGY REPORT INTERPRETATION QUALITATIVE RESULTS QUANTITATIVE RESULTS SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION SPECIFIC AREAS OF INTEREST AND CASE STUDIES FIRES EXPLOSIONS DRUG OVERDOSE CASES CHAPTER 13 ALCOHOL ANALYSIS ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION OF ALCOHOL ABSORPTION DISTRIBUTION ELIMINATION CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHOL IN URINE AND BREATH IN RELATION TO BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL LEGISLATION ANALYSIS OF BODY FLUID SAMPLES FOR ALCOHOL HISTORY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ACCURACY AND PRECISION ANALYSIS OF BREATH FOR ALCOHOL SCREENING DEVICES SUBSTANTIVE METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION INSTRUMENT EVALUATION AND INTRODUCTION TECHNICAL DEFENCE CHAPTER 14 THE ANALYSIS OF BODY FLUIDS BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE BLOOD SEMEN SALIVA TESTS FOR BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS TESTS FOR BLOOD TESTS FOR SEMEN TESTS FOR SALIVA DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIES OF ORIGIN BLOOD-TYPING GENETICS IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS PROTEIN MARKERS DNA AND ITS ANALYSIS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) DNA ANALYSIS DNA PROBES DNA AMPLIFICATION FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS MINISATELLITES MICROSATELLITES DQA AND POLYMARKER MITOCHONDRIAL DNA BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN COURT DEVELOPMENTS IN DNA TESTING LOW COPY NUMBER PCR MASS SPECTROMETRY TRAIT IDENTIFICATION DNA MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY 14 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 15 PRESENTATION OF EXPERT FORENSIC EVIDENCE THE LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE COURTS THE LAWYERS MAGISTRATES’ COURTS CROWN COURTS APPEALS CORONERS’ COURTS SCOTTISH COURTS CIVIL COURTS THE COURSE OF THE CRIMINAL TRIAL THE ROLE OF THE WITNESS THE EXPERT WITNESS THE DUTY OF THE EXPERT PROSECUTION AND DEFENCE EQUALITY OF ARMS THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST AND THE PROSECUTION THE SCIENTIST WORKING FOR THE DEFENCE THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN A FORENSIC EXAMINATION THE ROLE OF THE SECOND EXAMINER THE NEED FOR BOTH PROSECUTION AND DEFENCE EXPERTS THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY THE INDIVIDUAL SETTING STANDARDS CASE DOCUMENTATION ASSURING THE QUALITY OF THE WORK TIME LIMITS THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST’S REPORT FORMAT DISCLOSURE OF EXPERT EVIDENCE GIVING EVIDENCE IN COURT PREPARATION PRACTICAL DETAILS THE WITNESS BOX EVIDENCE-IN-CHIEF GIVING EXPERT EVIDENCE CROSS-EXAMINATION RE-EXAMINATION RELEASING THE WITNESS AND AFTERWARDS