FUELS AND FUEL TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS PART I UNCOVERING HIDDEN POTENTIAL ABUNDANCE OF WASTE AND ENERGY SCARCITY INTRODUCTION THE SOURCE AND ITS RESOURCES: OVERVIEW OF FUELS CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL ENERGY RESERVES ENERGY FLOWS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES BIOMASS AND WASTE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE PRODUCTS CURVE: EMISSIONS AND WASTE STATUS OF GASEOUS WASTE EMISSIONS STATUS OF SOLID/LIQUID WASTE EMISSIONS CENTRALIZED VERSUS LOCALIZED GENERATION REFERENCES BIOMASS AND WASTE AS SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES BIOMASS: AN UNLIMITED RESOURCE BIOENERGY IN EUROPE GLOBAL BIOMASS POTENTIAL WASTE AND RESIDUES: REFUSE AS RESOURCE WASTE IN EUROPE BIOMASS AND WASTE CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES COMPETITIVE COSTS FOR BIOENERGY CASE STUDY: ENERGY POTENTIAL OF SELECTED BIOMASS TYPES IN ITALY ENERGY POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN ITALY ENERGY POTENTIAL OF ANIMAL MANURE IN ITALY PART II WINNING FUEL FROM RESIDUE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION THE MICROBIAL PROCESS BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BIOGAS END USES HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY DARK FERMENTATION DIGESTATE POST-TREATMENT ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANT PROCESSES AND TYPOLOGIES ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANT TECHNOLOGIES CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS BIOMASS AND WASTE GASI?CATION THERMAL CONVERSION PROCESSES GASIFICATION PROCESS AND TAR REMOVAL PREDICTION OF PRODUCTS COMPOSITION TYPES OF GASIFIERS AND AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES DIGESTERS, GASI?ERS AND BIORE?NERIES: PLANTS AND FIELD DEMONSTRATION BIOGAS INSTALLATIONS AND APPLICATIONS THE BIOREFINERY CONCEPT BIOETHANOL FROM WASTE GASIFIERS PLANTS AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS PART III PUSHING FOR QUALITY END USE MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS OPERATING PRINCIPLE STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS GENERAL NEEDS OF THE TECHNOLOGY SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS STATE-OF-THE-ART IN SOFC DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM DESIGN AND FUELS LIFETIME AND DURABILITY ASPECTS OUTLOOK FUEL GAS CLEAN-UP AND CONDITIONING CLEAN-UP METHODS AND APPLICATIONS AN OVERVIEW OF TRADITIONAL PROCESSES FOR H2S ABATEMENT AN OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES TO REMOVE SILOXANES AND HALIDES LOW-TEMPERATURE VERSUS HIGH-TEMPERATURE CLEAN-UP THE CASE OF SYNGAS: TAR REMOVAL REFORMING PROCESSES PRODUCTION FROM FOSSIL FUEL REFORMING OF BIOGAS TRENDS IN REFORMING TECHNOLOGIES HIGH-TEMPERATURE FUEL CELL PLANTS AND APPLICATIONS MCFC PLANTS AND APPLICATIONS: STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES STATIONARY CHP AND AUXILIARY POWER ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND APPLICATIONS SOFC PLANTS AND APPLICATIONS: STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES SOFC FIELD DEMONSTRATION OPERATING SOFC ON ALTERNATIVE FUELS PART IV CONNECTING POWERS 10 BIOMETHANE AND NATURAL GAS ERICA MASSI AND STEPHEN J MCPHAIL 10 1 BIOGAS AND THE BENEFITS THE NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION GRID 10 2 BIOGAS UPGRADING TO BIOMETHANE 10 2 1 SCRUBBING 10 2 2 PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION (PSA) 10 2 3 MEMBRANES 10 3 BIOMETHANE INJECTION IN THE NATURAL GAS GRID 11 ELECTRICITY AND THE GRID MARIA GAETA 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 ELECTRICITY 11 2 1 THE ELECTRICITY GRID 11 2 2 SMART GRIDS 11 2 3 ELECTRICITY STORAGE 12 PROSPECTS OF HYDROGEN AS A FUTURE ENERGY CARRIER LUDWIG JÖRISSEN 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 PRESENT USE OF HYDROGEN 12 3 SOURCES FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 12 3 1 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS 12 3 2 CO2 FOOTPRINT 12 3 3 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY ELECTROLYSIS 12 3 4 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS OR WASTE 12 3 5 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLES 12 4 HYDROGEN STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION 12 5 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COST 12 6 COST OF HYDROGEN STORAGE 12 7 SUMMARY PART V IMPLEMENTATION AND PERSPECTIVES 13 MARKET AND FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF NON-CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES VIVIANA CIGOLOTTI 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 FOCUS ON AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM BASED ON THE WASTE-TO-ENERGY CHAIN 13 3 CASE STUDY OF A REAL PLANT IN ITALY 13 3 1 PLANT DESCRIPTION FOR THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF OFMSW 13 3 2 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 13 3 3 CONCLUSIONS 14 CONCLUDING REMARKS STEPHEN J MCPHAIL REFERENCES